Key Terms
What is a “stereotype”?
A belief or expectation about a group of people
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, how should we evaluate people’s moral reasoning?
Consider the reasons people give for the moral decisions they make.
Research such as the Robber’s Cave experiment supports which of these ways to reduce prejudice
Working toward a common goal
In Freud’s theory, what is the “id”?
A set of biological drives that seek gratification
What is social psychology?
The scientific study of how people’s thoughts, feelings and behavior are influenced by the presence of others.
What is “prejudice”?
An irrationally unfavorable (or favorable) attitude toward a group of people
What does the prisoner’s dilemma investigate?
Cooperation and competition
Rosenthal and Jacobson’s classic study (1963) on teacher expectancies and IQ demonstrate..?
Self-fulfilling Prophecies
In Freud’s theory, what is the superego”?
Internalized values and rules that tell you the “right” thing to do
What do social psychologists mean by "attribution"?
Trying to understand the causes of behaviors
What is “discrimination”?
Unequal treatment of different groups of people
What does a questioner do in the prisoner’s dilemma to get someone to confess?
Offer a lower penalty to someone who confesses.
Findings from longitudinal (long term) studies of the original participants of the Mischel’s Marshmallow Experiments revealed that participants who “passed” the marshmallow test were
More successful later in life
In Freud’s theory, what is the "ego”?
The rational part of personality that makes decisions
Which of the following produces cognitive dissonance?
Participating in a long, boring task and then accepting $1 to say it was enjoyable
What is social loafing?
Working less hard when others share the task
Which of the following would increase cooperation between two people in the prisoner’s dilemma?
Constant communication
According to Walter Mischel, the purpose of the Marshmallow Experiments was to study......
Techniques that children use to delay gratification.
According to Freud’s theory, what are defense mechanisms?
Methods used by the ego to protect itself against anxiety
What is one way to reduce cognitive dissonance?
Change your attitudes to match your behavior.
What is “pluralistic ignorance”?
Assuming that everyone else knows more than you do
Whereas people tend to compete in the prisoner’s dilemma, what makes them more cooperative in real life
People want to be liked by others and build a reputation for being fair.
What was the surprising result of Asch’s classic experiment on conformity?
People conform to what others say, even when they know the others are wrong.
Under which condition are you likely to follow the central route to persuasion?
When deciding about something important to you
When is social loafing less likely to occur?
When people think they can make a unique contribution
When people think others are evaluating their contribution