Animal sensory systems
What layer of the eye contains the blood vessels and pigment cells?
Choroid
What is the specialized muscle cell membrane?
sarcolemma
List the major blood cell types
What is leukocytes (WBC), thrombocytes (platelets), erythrocytes (RBC)
Passive and active exclusion are genetically encoded. Explain this coding for active and passive diffusion.
Passive exclusion: root cell lack transporters to bring in ions
Active exclusion: pump out or producing molecules to isolate toxins that enter their cells
Interferons (IFN) are cytokines that bind to receptors on cells causing them to produce proteins that "interfere" with what process?
Viral replication
How are major histocompatibility complexes relevant to smell?
Select mates with diverse immune systems to ensure reproductive success of offspring
What are the 3 types of skeletal systems
1. Hydroskeleton
2. Endoskeleton
3. Exoskeleton
Why is CO2 more soluble in water than O2?
Can form carbonic acid
What are the 9 macronutrients in plants?
C,H,O,P,N,S,Ca,Ma,K
Interleukins (IL) are ~40 structurally similar cytokines secreted from many immune and non-immune cells in response to what? (2 things)
Pathogens and cell damage
What is the difference between papillae, taste buds, and taste receptor cells?
papillae: elevations on tongue containing clusters of taste buds
Taste buds: bundles of cells
Taste receptor cells: receptors detect oral concentrations and report sensation to brainstem
What are 4 muscle tissue functions?
1. Many muscles resist movement
2. Maintenance of posture
3. Maintenance of blood pressure
4. All muscles generate heat
What do each of the terms in Fick's Law represent?
k x A x (P2-P1) /D
k= solubility of gas and temperature
A= surface area available for diffusion
P2-P1 = difference in partial pressures of gas across gas-exchange surface
D= thickness of barrier in diffusion
How does insulin stimulate a cell to take in glucose and reduce blood sugar?
Binds and triggers glucose transporter proteins that go to surface of the cell
How do cytokine chemical signals act?
In autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine manner
What is the difference between myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism? How is each corrected?
Myopia: nearsightedness, distant objects focus in front of retina, correct with concave lens
Hyperopia: farsightedness, focal point behind retina, correct with convex lens
Astigmatism: irregularities in cornea or lens, corrected with specially ground lens that help compensate
What role does SERCA play in muscle relaxation?
SERCA= sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase). Uses ATP to pump Ca2+ ions from cytosol back in SR
How do insects exchange gases and what are the important structures called?
closable holes (spiracles) connecting air filled tracheal tubes that allow simple diffusion of O2
What are trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, and carboxypeptidase. Where are their zymogens produced?
Trypsin: protease that activates enzymes from zymogens produced by pancreas.
Chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase: inactive enzymes that cleave amino acid bonds in proteins
Produced in pancreas
Chemokines are cytokines "chemo-attractants" that attract what?
Specific leukocytes
Order the events of light stimulation:
_____ PDE breaks down hundreds of cGMP, reducing its concentration
_____ G proteins (transducins) activate cGMP PDE (phosphodiesterase)
____ Ion channels close in response to hyperpolarization
____ The cell stops releasing glutamate (retinal bipolar cells have a receptor that activates when glutamate is NOT present)
_____ Light stimulation of rhodopsin allows GTP to bind its attached G protein (transducin)
step 3, 2, 4, 5, 1
What 4 things define a slow twitch muscle
1. high myoglobin
2. Gets ATP from aerobic respiration (slow oxidative)
3. More mitochondria
4. Slow contractions
List the order of the blood flowing in the body - I can pull up a picture for you if that will help
Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, tissues
What are the 3 main lipases and where are they produced?
1. Lingual lipase - produced by glands in tongue
2. Gastric lipase - produced by glands in stomach
3. Pancreatic lipase - secreted from pancreas
Differentiate between paracrine, endocrine, and autocrine signaling
paracrine: chemical signal that is released by a cell and affects neighboring cells
endocrine: hormones carried by the blood and body fluids to distant cells
Autocrine: chemical signals that affect the same cells that release them