Urinary System
Where does most tubular reabsorption occur?
Proximal convoluted tubule
What fluid does lymph most closely resemble?
Interstitial fluid.
Which organ is NOT part of the GI tract: liver, stomach, or esophagus?
Liver.
Triglycerides and steroids are examples of what macronutrient?
Lipids.
True/False: Olfactory receptor cells are bipolar neurons with olfactory hairs.
True.
Which structure transfers urine from kidneys to bladder?
Ureters.
Which are the two primary lymphoid organs?
Red bone marrow & thymus.
What type of epithelium lines most of the GI tract for absorption?
Simple columnar epithelium
Gram-for-gram, which stores the most energy?
Triglycerides (lipids).
Which vestibular structures detect linear acceleration?
Utricle & saccule.
Which region of the kidney contains the renal corpuscle?
Renal cortex.
Which trunks drain lymph from the upper limbs, breasts, and superficial thorax?
Subclavian trunks.
Which hormone secreted by the small intestine stimulates pancreatic secretions?
Secretin.
Which vitamins are absorbed into lacteals?
Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K).
What visual adaptation takes ~30 min and regenerates rods’ photopigments?
Dark adaptation.
List the kidney protective layers from innermost to outermost.
Fibrous capsule → perinephric fat → renal fascia → paranephric fat.
Which pathogen is smaller than bacteria and consists of nucleic acid + protein coat?
Virus.
Define peristalsis.
Alternating contractions of muscularis layers that propel food along the GI tract.
A deficiency in which vitamin leads to night blindness?
Vitamin A.
Presbyopia causes difficulty seeing what?
Nearby objects.
Name 2 major homeostatic roles of the kidneys besides filtering blood.
Regulates blood pressure & stimulates erythropoiesis (via EPO); acid-base balance; electrolyte balance.
List the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation.
Redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function.
What is the first site of both chemical and mechanical digestion?
Oral cavity.
During vigorous physical activity, total metabolic rate does what?
Increases during exercise and stays elevated after.
Correct order of hearing pathway from cochlea to auditory cortex?
Cochlear nerve → cochlear nucleus → inferior colliculus → medial geniculate (thalamus) → auditory cortex.