Trust your Gut
Endocryin
Intracranial problems
Stroke ;(
Spinal Cord injury
100
What is the gold standard diagnostic study in identifying colorectal cancer
Colonoscopy
100
Differentiate between DM type 1 vs. DM type 2
Type 1: Autoimmune disorder in which the body develops antibodies against insulin. No insulin made.
Type 2: Body produces exogenous insulin. However, the body either does not produce enough insulin, does not use it effectively, or both.
100
What is bacterial meningitis?
An acute inflammation of the meningeal tissues surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
100
Describe the difference between a hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke
Hemorrhagic: bleeding into brain that results in the death of brain cells.
Ischemic: inadequate blood flow to a part of the brain from partial or complete occlusion of an artery.
100
Difference between complete and incomplete SCI
Complete: Total loss of sensory and motor function below the level of injury
Incomplete: results in a mixed loss of voluntary motor activity and sensation and leaves some intact
200
Preop vs. Postop care for the client with appendicitis
Preop:
- keep patient NPO
- give IV fluids, analgesics, and antiemetics as ordered
Postop:
- Assist with ambulation
- Advance diet as tolerated
200
What is the Somogyi effect?
Hyperglycemia in the morning caused by counterregulatory hormones.
200
What three areas are assessed when using the Glasgow Coma scale
1. Opening the eyes when a verbal or painful stimulus is applied
2. Best verbal response
3. Best motor response
200
What diagnostic studies are used to determine stroke
MRI and CT
200
How can we reduce the risk of pressure injury for a client with a spinal cord injury
Q2 Turn.
300
What causes C-DIFF and what safety precautions should you take when caring for a client with C-DIFF
Prolonged use of antibiotics followed by exposure to feces/contaminated surfaces.
Contact precautions (gown, gloves, mask (not required but highly encouraged))
300
What is the difference in manifestations between HHS and DKA
DKA: Hyperglycemia (250 or higher), ketones present in urine, associated with type 1 diabetes
HHS: no ketones present, hyperglycemia (600 or higher), polyuria
300
What is Cushing's Triad?
It is a sign of brainstem compression and impending death. Manifests as systolic hypertension with a widening pulse pressure, bradycardia with a full and bounding pulse and irregular respirations.
300
Modifiable risk factors for stroke
HTN, heart disease, diabetes, smoking, obesity, sleep apnea, metabolic syndrome, lack of physical exercise, poor diet, drug and alcohol use.
300
What are some examples of mechanisms of spinal cord injury
400
What factors decrease the risk of colorectal cancer
maintaining a healthy weight, being physically active, limiting alcohol use, not smoking, and eating a diet with a large amount of fruits, vegetables, and grains
400
What is the difference between SIADH and DI
SIADH: Overproduction of ADH leading to increase in ECF, characterized by fluid retention, serum hypoosmolality, dilutional hyponatremia and concentrated urine.
DI: Deficient production of ADH, or decreased renal response to ADH, leads to increased urine output, and electrolyte imbalances including hyponatremia.
400
What factors affect ICP?
Changes in arterial pressure, venous pressure, intra abdominal and intrathoracic pressure, posture, temperature, blood gases (CO2 levels)
400
What is one difference in manifestations between left and right brain stroke
Right: Impulsive and impaired judgement
Left: Impaired comprehension related to language and math and impaired speech
400
Manifestations of autonomic dysreflexia
Severe headache, hypertension, profuse diaphoresis and flushing above level of injury, cool and pale skin below the level of injury
500
Clinical manifestations of colorectal cancer
Abdominal pain with a change in bowel habits, abdominal mass may be present, anemia, hematochezia, unexplained weight loss
500
What is an addisonian crisis and what triggers it?
Adrenal insufficiency caused by sudden sharp decrease in adrenocortical hormones (cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen)
Triggers: stress, sudden withdrawal of corticosteroid hormone therapy, adrenal surgery
500
What drug therapy would be ordered for a client with cerebral edema?
Corticosteroids, mannitol, hypertonic saline, antipyretics, sedatives, antiseizure, barbituates
500
What drug therapy is indicated to prevent stroke
Antiplatelet drugs are a first-line treatment to prevent stroke in patients who had a TIA.
500
Nursing assessments for the client with a spinal cord injury
Regularly assess breath sounds, ABG, tidal volume, breathing patterns