Chapters 49 & 51
This field studies how organisms interact with each other and their environment.
What is ecology?
This type of species interaction is (+/0) and includes epiphytes living on tree branches.
What is commensalism?
This field uses evolutionary and ecological concepts to preserve and restore biodiversity.
What is conservation biology?
This is the #1 cause of species declines worldwide.
What is habitat loss?
A porcupine’s quills are an example of this type of defense that is always present.
What is a constitutive (standing) defense?
A population of populations connected by migration is known as this.
What is a metapopulation?
Daphnia produce helmets and spines when predators are present. This is what kind of defense?
What is an inducible morphological defense?
A biodiversity hotspot must contain at least 1,500 endemic species of these organisms.
What are vascular plants?
When the fertility rate equals the number needed to replace parents, r = 0.
What is the replacement rate?
To qualify as a hotspot, this percentage of primary vegetation must be lost.
What is 70%?
This survivorship curve is typical of humans: high early survival, dropping late in life.
What is Type I?
In all ecosystems, biomass production is highest at this trophic level.
What are primary producers?
This phenomenon creates small, isolated populations vulnerable to catastrophes and inbreeding depression.
What is habitat fragmentation?
This term describes all the conditions a species can tolerate and the resources it uses.
What is a niche?
The capture of animals for this market contributes significantly to overexploitation.
What is the pet trade?
Species that produce many offspring but invest little parental care are called this.
What are r-selected species?
Hawks and wolves demonstrate this type of influence on ecosystems.
What is a top-down effect?
These strips of habitat connect protected areas to restore gene flow and reduce roadkill.
What are wildlife corridors?
Only about this percentage of biomass is typically transferred from one trophic level to the next.
What is 10%?
Random, clumped, and uniform are the three types of this spatial pattern.
What is distribution (or dispersion)?
Birth and death rates that change depending on population size are described as this.
What is density-dependent?
Total emissions depend on resource use and this factor.
What is population size?
Governments paying communities to protect ecosystems is an example of quantifying these benefits nature provides.
What are ecosystem services?
Competition that occurs between individuals of the same species is called this.
What is intraspecific competition?
As human population increases and resources decrease, this becomes more common, often harming ecosystems.
What is habitat destruction (or taming wild areas)?