Psychological Disorders
What are the three primary symptoms of schizophrenia?
Delusional thinking, such as the belief that he/she is being controlled by aliens. Auditory hallucinations. Visual hallucinations.
What do psychologists use to classify psychological disorders?
DSM IV - TR (DSM 4)
How long does a panic attack last for?
10-15 minutes
Why did the ancient people perform trephination?
To release the evil spirits that supposedly where inhabited within the person
What are defense mechanisms for?
They are there to protect the ego from experiencing anxiety
What do people who suffer from Bipolar Disorder alternate between what two things?
depression & manic episodes
Defining features of abnormal behavior include when a person experiences a great deal of emotional stress or
Subjective discomfort -> internal emotional or psychological pain, distress, or suffering
What type of disorder are major depressive disorders and bipolar disorders
Mood disorders
Define internal locus of control. Can it increase your motivation to succeed at challenging tasks? (True or False)
a psychological concept referring to how much control you believe you have over the events and outcomes in your life. TRUE
What is the Rorschach test? What does it do, and what type of test is it? Is it reliable to explain your personality? (True or False)
It is a projective personality test in which an individual must interpret ambiguous ink blots. It is believed to “uncover” unconscious desires and urges. False
What is the cognitive perspective? How could the cognitive perspective explain depression?
Disorders come as a result of illogicality & irrational thought processes
Jeremy has panic attacks because he thinks that people (his parents, his friends) think he’s a failure
Define obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and provide an example.
A disorder in which intruding thoughts that occur again and again are followed by repetitive, ritualistic behavior meant to lower the anxiety.
You are anxious that the stove is left on once you leave the house, so you come back 5 different times to check on it.
Define dissociative amnesia and provide an example.
A partial or complete loss of memory for personal information that is usually associated with a stressful or emotionally traumatic experience is known as
Someone gets into a crash, but bc of the trauma they endured, they disassociate and forget the traumatic event of the crash
When does Carl Rogers' theory propose that people feel harmony, and when do they feel anxiety?
Harmony -> Their real self is close to their ideal self
Anxiety -> Their real self and ideal self are disconnected
What happens when there is discrepancy between your ideal self and your real self?
According to Carl Rogers, anxious & neurotic behavior occurs
What is the biological perspective? How could the biological perspective explain depression?
The perspective that psychological disorders are caused by physical malfunctions in the body, primarily within the brain and nervous system
Jeremy has panic attacks because his body releases too much of the chemical cortisone, which causes anxiety
Define abnormal behavior. There are three things that define it.
A behavior that causes harm to others, a behavior that causes people personal distress, and a behavior that prevents people from normal daily functioning.
Define agoraphobia and provide an example.
You are fearful of being in enclosed spaces/ situations in which it would be hard to escape.
My friend doesn't want to go to the movie theater, subway, or busy sidewalks because they're afraid because there might not be an exit
Define temperament & personality, what is their relationship?
Temperament (determined by genes & prenatal environment, slow, difficult, slow-to-warm up) -> we are born with it
Personality (The unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave)-> is built upon temperament
What are trait theories? What is personality comprised of?
They compile a collection of people's traits as they are, and thus focus on personality as it is, not how it develops. It focuses more on analyzing a person’s actual personality, rather than how the personality develops
traits & character
What is the behaviorist perspective? How could the behaviorist perspective explain depression?
Belief that behavioral reactions/conditions are learned and that positive reinforcement gives attention
Jeremy has panic attacks because as a kid he received a lot of attention for throwing tantrums
What characterizes anxiety disorders? And define generalized anxiety disorder.
excessive & unrealistic fearfulness and worry. Generalized Anxiety Disorder is a disorder in which excessive anxiety and worry occur more days than not for at least six months.
Define dissociative identity disorder (DID) and provide an example.
A disorder in which a person seems to experience at least two or more distinct personalities existing in one body.
Define the three parts of Freud's iceberg. What is in conflict in Freud's theory, and what must mediate between them?
The id and superego are in conflict, and the ego must mediate
id -> unconscious, instincts, desires
superego -> morality
ego -> conscious, mediates between the id & superego
What is each word in OCEAN? How would someone act if they are low in O & C?
O -> openness (might not want to try a new food place, will resort to their same comfort spot)
C -> conscientiousness (when you visit someone's house, you take a dookie and don't flush)
E -> extraversion
A -> agreeableness
N -> neuroticism