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What is the other name of the digestive tract?
alimentary canal
What cells does insulin and glucagon come from?
insulin: beta cells of the pancreases, pancreatic islets of Langerhans
glucagon: alpha cells of the pancreases, pancreatic islets of Langerhans
What are the 2 "layers" of the immune system
Innate immunity and adaptive immunity
What is the simplified issue of type 1 diabetes?
What is the simplified issue of type 2 diabetes?
no insulin
insulin that doesn't work
What are the two other names for type 1 diabetes?
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus
Describe the process of absorbing fats in the body
1- bile salts surround fat droplets
2- fat breakdown into smaller pieces and reclumping is prevented
3- emulsification
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) =...
Metabolic rate =...
minute rate of energy expenditure of a person
rate of metabolism occurring in the body
List the symptoms of inflammation and what causes it to occur
redness, pain, edema, heat; macrophages engulfing foreign natter
List the 3 harmless signs of acute hyperglycemia
1- dry mouth
2- thirst
3-increased urination
draw the action of glucose on insulin secretion diagram (there are 7 steps/actions)
1- Glucose high outside cell + enters cell
2- glycolysis! (pyruvate)
3- oxidative phosphorylation (ATP is formed)
4- ATP acts as ligand and binds to K+ channels to block K+ from leaving
5- depolarization occurs
6- depolarization causes Ca voltage gated channels to open + Ca enters
7- entering of Ca results in insulin release via exocytosis
What is happening in the cephalic phase of regulation?
What is happening in the gastric phase of regulation?
C: what happens in your head (making your body ready to intake food)
G: stimuli chemical composition of digestion (getting body ready to digest)
what are the types of carbs, proteins, and lipids that get absorbed into the body?
monosaccharides, amino acids, triglycerides
List the other names for helper T cells and killer T cells, and what their class affinity to MCH is
helper T cells = CD4, MCH class 2
killer T cells = CD8, MCH class 1
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a more common complication of type ___ diabetes mellitus
type 1
what is the core body temperature? *in degrees Celsius
37 degrees Celsius
Define peristalsis and where it occurs
Define segmentation and where it occurs
PROPELS contents to aboral (small intestine)
MIXES and churns contents in the small intestine
Describe the components of positive and negative energy expenditure
positive: energy intake > energy output, energy put in storage, weight gain
negative: energy input < energy output, energy used from stored tissue, weight loss
List all the leukocytes and their function in the immune system
Neutrophils, PMNs that kill bacteria
Lymphocytes,
Monocytes, turn into macrophages (phagocytosis and signal more PNMs to area)
Eosinophils, parasitic/worm response
Basophils, histomines
List the 3 stages of wound healing AND say what occurs when someone had delayed healing from diabetes
1- inflammation
2- proliferation
3- remodeling
* Loss of erythrocyte flexibility, decreased secretion of cytokines and growth factor
What interleukin is important for converting B cells to memory B cells?
IL 2
Basic electrical rhythm in the stomach has _______________ so __________ aren't required
Basic electrical rhythm in the intestines has ______________ so ______________ are required
large depolarizations, action potentials
small depolarizations, action potentials
Describe the beta and alpha cell absorptive state stimuli's
Describe the beta and alpha cell postabsorptive state stimuli's
1: beta- high plasma glucose concentration, PNS activation
alpha- decreased plasma glucose concentration, SNS activation (epinephrine)
2: beta- SNS activation; using epinephrine
alpha- increased plasma glucose concentration
Name the most common complement pathway and the following components:
1- Which Complement does opsonization? What about proinflammation?
2- when C4b, C2b, and C3b are combined to form C5b convertase, it gets added to 3 other complements which unlocks this convertase...
3- what is the name of the process that pokes holes (pores) in an infected cells membrane resulting in lysis?
classical complement pathway
1- C3b and C2a
2- C6,C7,C8 unlocking C9
3- MAC
Lipolysis, oxidation results in the liver which produces ketones, high ketones detected in blood, glucose and ketones detected in the urine
List the 6 main organs in the digestive system and their MAIN functions in this system
Oral cavity: break down starches with amylase in saliva
pharynx: common pathway to connect mouth to esophagus
Esophagus: transport food to stomach
Stomach: break down proteins
SI: digestion and absorption
LI: concentrate waste into "final form" by absorbing nutrients