anatomy and physiology
what is the main function of the kidneys
to filter blood and remove waste products
A 5-year-old with nephrotic syndrome will likely have what common finding?
Generalized edema (anasarca)
What can cause acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Severe dehydration
What is dialysis?
Blood filtration that removes waste products
What is the primary waste product filtered by the kidneys?
Urea
what is the functional unit of the kidneys
the nephron
Flank pain and costovertebral tenderness are signs of which kidney disorder?
Pyelonephritis
What is the difference between AKI and CKD?
AKI = sudden & reversible, CKD = progressive & irreversible.
How do you know an AV fistula is functioning properly?
It has a palpable thrill and audible bruit
What lab test requires you to discard the first morning urine?
24-hour urine collection
What is GFR used to determine in clinical practice?
the filtering capacity of the kidneys
What causes glomerulonephritis?
Immune inflammation of the glomeruli (often post-strep infection).
How can CHF contribute to kidney damage?
↓ Cardiac output → ↓ renal perfusion → prerenal AKI.
Which nursing action helps prevent infection during peritoneal dialysis?
Maintain sterile technique when connecting tubing
When transporting a patient with a Foley catheter, where should the bag be placed?
Below hip level to prevent backflow
Why is the left kidney higher than the right?
because the liver pushed the right kidney down
What are hallmark findings in glomerulonephritis?
Hematuria, proteinuria, and elevated BUN/creatinine
What happens to potassium levels in late CKD?
They increase, causing arrhythmia risk.
What three phases occur during peritoneal dialysis?
Fill, dwell, and drain.
What is the correct way to get a sterile specimen from a Foley catheter?
Aspirate urine from the port after clamping for 15–30 minutes
What hormone triggers RBC production in bone marrow?
erythropoeitin
What condition causes tea-colored urine and facial edema?
Glomerulonephritis (post-strep immune reaction).
What is the main treatment for end-stage kidney disease?
Dialysis or kidney transplant.
What is dialysis disequilibrium syndrome?
A rapid fluid/electrolyte shift → headache, low BP, seizures.
What lifestyle change supports kidney health?
quit smoking