Respiratory Infections
Timothee chalamet refuses to get the new flu vaccine because he got one last year. How should you respond to this?
A. explain that the subunit vaccine wears off rapidly
b. explain that memory eventually wears off
c. explain that the vaccine is poorly effective
d. explain that antigenic variation makes different strains more common
d. explain that antigenic variation makes different strains more common
How is the pathogenesis of Hepatitis C different from all other types of hepatitis?
a. Hepatitis C infection has only an acute phase
b. Hepatitis C virus does not kill the cells it infects
c. Hepatitis C virus produces a toxin that causes an inflammatory response
d. Hepatitis C infection is never asymptomatic in the acute phase
b. Hepatitis C virus does not kill the cells it infects
Which of the following are symptoms of C-diff? Select all that apply.
a. abdominal pain
b. muscle aches
c. impending doom
d. nausea
a. abdominal pain
d. nausea
Which microbe causes infections in the cells of the basal layer of any stratified epithelium?
a. HPV
b. HIV
c. Neisseria meningitidis
d. Clostridium difficile
a. HPV
How does Neisseria meningitidis avoid the immune system?
a. antigen mimicry
b. antigenic variation
c. escape from phagocytosis
d. adhesion structure
a. antigen mimicry
Pedro Pascal went to a local petting zoo. Unfortunately, Pedro ends up getting sick with influenza A. Which of the following could have caused influenza A? Select all that apply
a. human
b. turkey
c. pig
d. chicken
a. human
b. turkey
c. pig
d. chicken
Name the type of hepatitis based on following: Portal of entry: mouth
Portal of exit: fecal matter
Only has acute phase.
a. hepatitis C
b. hepatitis B
c. hepatitis A
d. hepatitis D
c. hepatitis A
A nurse did not follow proper hand hygiene and gear while helping a patient with C-diff.
What can be assumed about the nurse if she gets C-diff? Select all that apply
a. The alcohol based hand sanitizer killed all of the spores
b. There was already dysbiosis of the large intestine
c. Her body does not produce antibodies against Toxin A
d. The patient coughed in her face, transmitting the infection
b. There was already dysbiosis of the large intestine
c. Her body does not produce antibodies against Toxin A
The HIV proteins gp120 and gp41 are required for
a. Viral attachment and cell entry
b. Uncoating the virus and biosynthesis of its proteins
c. Assembly of the virus and maturation into a functional virus
d. Production of functional endotoxins
a. Viral attachment and cell entry
What do all pathogens that cause meningitis have in common?
a. They are all bacteria
b. They all must spread to the meninges from other places in the body
c. They all are Gram-negative
d. They all cause chronic or latent persistent infections
b. They all must spread to the meninges from other places in the body
Which feature best explains why S. pneumoniae can cause pneumonia in otherwise healthy individuals?
a. It releases LPS that triggers strong inflammation
b. It produces pneumolysin, a toxin that damages alveolar cells
c. It colonizes the GI tract and enters the lungs via bloodstream
d. It relies on prior viral infections to gain access to lung tissue
b. It produces pneumolysin, a toxin that damages alveolar cells
What is the primary difference in how Hepatitis B and C damage the liver during chronic infection?
a. Hepatitis B causes damage via immune response while Hepatitis C causes damage via toxins
b. Hepatitis B integrates into host DNA while Hepatitis C does not cause liver damage
c. Hepatitis B causes direct cytopathic effects while Hepatitis C causes immune-mediated damage
d. Hepatitis C causes direct cytopathic effects while Hepatitis B is non-cytopathic
c. Hepatitis B causes direct cytopathic effects while Hepatitis C causes immune mediated damage
Timothee Chalamet just tried out a new restaurant around the corner, ordering their famous grilled chicken. 48 hours later, Timothee is experiencing symptoms of food poisoning. What is the cause of his food poisoning.
a. staphylococcus aureus
b. clostridium perfringens
c. bacillus ceresus
d. aspergillus
b. clostridium perfringens
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV typically involves ______________
a. a single medication
b. multiple medications given at the same time that target the same part of the viral replication cycle
c. multiple medications given at the same time that target the different parts of the viral replication cycle
d. vaccination
c. multiple medications given at the same time that target the different parts of the viral replication cycle
You have a patient that is currently in sepsis. Which symptom signifies that sepsis is progressing?
a. persistent low blood pressure
b. excessive clotting
c. coaguloapthy
d. start of invasive infection
a. persistent low blood pressure
Both pneumococcal pneumonia and Hib pneumonia are very similar. Which of the following is a difference between these two diseases?
a. Pneumococcus is a primary pathogen while Hib is opportunistic
b. Pneumococcus spreads by droplet transmission while Hib spreads by indirect contact
c. Pneumococcus causes a dry cough while Hib causes a wet cough
d. Pneumococcus has a vaccine while Hib does not.
a. Pneumococcus is a primary pathogen while Hib is opportunistic
Which of the following is not an example of transmission for hepatitis b and c?
a. getting coughed on
b. sharing a toothbrush
c. childbirth
d. direct contact with blood
a. getting coughed on
Which of the following are ways one can receive a Fecal Microbiota Transplant? Select all that apply
a. Rectally
b. NG Tube
c. Intramuscular Injection
d. Per oral
a. Rectally
b. NG Tube
d. Per oral
Why is the HIV protease needed for replication of HIV?
a. It breaks down the proteins in the host cell that prevent integration
b. it cuts the polyproteins produced by the virus into a functional form
c. it breaks down the connections between epithelial cells
d. It allows the virus to spread to the blood
b. it cuts the polyproteins produced by the virus into a functional form
From the following, select the three factors that cause the positive feedback loop:
a. poor airway
b. massive inflammation
c. blood clotting throughout the body
d. cardiovascular instability
b. massive inflammation
c. blood clotting throughout the body
d. cardiovascular instability
Why can influenza A virus be passed between multiple different species of host?
a. its receptor is found in all warm blooded animals
b. it is carried in the normal microbiota of pigs and birds
c. it does not need a receptor to infect a cell
d. it produces toxins that open holes in the cell membrane
a. its receptor is found in all warm blooded animals
Which group is most susceptible for chronic phase hepatitis B
a. children under 5
b. children over 5 and teenagers
c. adults
d. adults over 65
a. children under 5
Which of these is a way to tell the difference between food poisoning and gastrointestinal infections?
a. Food poisoning symptoms begin within a few hours after exposure while infections take 2-4 days
b. Food poisoning causes flu-like symptoms and infections do not
c. Food poisoning is easily passed from person to person while infections are not
d. Food poisoning is caused by growth of bacteria in the body while GI infections are caused by toxin exposure
a. Food poisoning symptoms begin within a few hours after exposure while infections take 2-4 days
How are high risk HPV types different in the way they persist in the body compared to other HPV types?
a. the virus is carried the normal microbiota
b. the virus causes a latent infection by forming an episome in the cells it infects
c. the virus causes a chronic infection by integrating a provirus into the host cell
d. the virus is able to hide from the immune system inside of nerve cells
c. the virus causes a chronic infection by integrating a provirus into the host cell
What causes the symptoms of a Neisseria infection?
a. the death of host cells caused by exotoxin
b. the release of endotoxin when bacterial cells are destroyed
c. cytopathic effect from replication
d. the release of capsule sugars
b. the release of endotoxin when bacterial cells are destroyed