Animal Diversity
Led to the development of the animal kingdom
What is cellular specialization?
Mechanism complex animals developed to allow for maximum exchange
What is highly folded or branched internal surfaces that increase the surface area
Fat-soluble vitamins
What are vitamins A, D, E, and K
Structure of amphibian hearts
What is a 3-chambered heart with two atria and one ventricle
Four general types of tissue
What are epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve
Three possible arrangements for symmetry and definition of each
What is asymmetry-body plan lacks symmetry
Radial symmetry- round body plan. Animals have a top and bottom but no back/front or left/right
Bilateral symmetry- body plan with a left and right side where top, bottom, front, and back can also be determined
Types of connective tissue
What are fibrous, cartilage, bone, adipose, loose, blood, and lymph?
Main stages in food processing
What is ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination
Chambers associated with pulmonary circulation
What are the right ventricle and the left atrium?
Vitamins that can cause toxicity
What are vitamins A and D, because they are fat-soluble
What is endoderm (interior lining of organs) and ectoderm (outer coverings)
Give an example of positive feedback
What is childbirth?
Secretion and function of chief cells
What is pepsinogen, the inactive form of pepsin that is converted to hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
Steps in cardiac cycle (3)
What is 1. Atria contract pumping blood into ventricles
2. Ventricles contract forcing blood into arteries (Systole)
3. Both chambers relax briefly (Diastole)
Secretion and function of parietal cells
What is Hydrochloric Acid, makes stomach fluid very acidic
Three possible body cavity arrangements and definitions of each
What is acoelomates, no coelom
Pseudocolomates, cavity present but not derived from mesoderm
Coelomates, cavity derived from mesoderm
Types and characteristics of muscle tissues
What is Skeletal-striated
Smooth- spindle shaped, unstriated
Cardiac- Branched, striated tissues with intercalated discs
Process fats undergo
What is broken down into monoglycerides and fatty acids, enter intestinal epithelium, formed into chylomicrons, and enter lacteals (lymphatic system)
Steps in blood clotting
What is 1. Platelets form a plug
2. Blood clotting (coagulation) activates thrombin
3. Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
4. Platelets and RBC's adhere to fibrous mass
5. Platelets contract, making clot denser
Evolution of Respiratory Systems
1. Respiration without a respiratory or circulatory system
2. Respiration without a respiratory system but with a circulatory system
3. Respiration with a respiratory and a circulatory system
Cleavage pattern present in protostomes.
What is spiral/determinate cleavage, by the time the embryo gets to the four-cell stage, the cells have lost their totipotency
Transmission of electrical signal through the major parts of the neuron
What is dendrites receive signals, goes through cell body, axon conducts electrical signal to target cell, and synaptic terminals transmit signal to synapse
Major functions of the stomach
Storage chamber, mechanical breakdown of food, chemical digestion
Physiology involved in inhalation
What is diaphragm contracts, drawing downward, intercostal muscles contract, lifting the ribs upward and outward
What is 1. Bulk flow-inhalation
2. Diffusion into bloodstream where lungs meet blood
3. Bulk flow moves blood
4. Diffusion moves O2 into tissues