Intro to Crim
A ______ of crime views the formal system of laws, as well as the enforcement of those laws, as incorporating societal norms for which there is a broad normative consensus.
consensus perspective
In early human civilizations, what was a commonly held belief regarding the cause of criminal activity?
Supernatural or religious factors were responsible for crime
The most significant work that brought rational choice theory into the mainstream of criminological research was The Reasoning Criminal: Rational Choice Perspectives on Offending written by ______.
Cornish and Clarke
The term criminology was first coined by ______.
Raffaele Garafalo
The ______ effect is the predicted tendency of homicides to increase after an execution, particularly after high-profile executions.
brutalization
The three elements of routine activities theory are ______.
attractive targets, absence of a guardian, and motivated offender
A ______ is the authority to forgo juvenile court jurisdiction and transfer the case to criminal court.
judicial waiver
A government, according to Cesare Beccaria, should strive for the greatest amount of happiness shared by the greatest number of people. This concept is termed ______.
utilitarianism
Crime mapping and geographical profiling are applications of which theory?
routine activities theory
______ is a criterion of causality that requires a change in a predictor variable (X) to be consistently associated with some change in the explanatory variable (Y).
Correlation
Beccaria postulated three characteristics of punishment that were vital for it to have a deterrent effect. What are the three characteristics?
swiftness, certainty, and severity
Who expanded the concept of guardianship to that of controllers?
Eck
The extent to which concepts and propositions of a theory make sense in terms of face value, consistency, and existing knowledge is called ______.
logical consistency
The deterrence model assumes that individuals are ______.
rational and think carefully before committing crimes
Eck's conceptualization of controllers includes offender _________, place _________, and target/victim ________.
handlers, managers, and guardians