Origin of Life
Which eon featured these conditions: extreme heat, lightning, earthquakes, UV radiation, and volcanic eruptions
Haedean
The 3 basic cell structures for Prokaryotes
Bacillus - rod-shaped
Coccus - spherical-shaped
Spirillum - long and helical-shaped
What happens to the surface area to volume ratio as a cell increases in size?
&
Why can a cell only get so large?
DECREASES
There isn't enough cell membrane to regulate ions, molecules, reactions, etc.
Increased diffusion distance
List 2 characteristics of animals
-no cell walls
-multicellular
-tissues (most)
-Heterotrophs
-motile (most)
What is the "glue" around the choanoflagellates after they have replicated
*i know this is under the wrong spot but surprise*
extracellular matrix
Describe the Miller-Urey experiment setup
-supposed to resemble early earth's conditions
-Hot ocean water heated up
-inorganic molecules (NH3, H2O, CO2, N2, CH4) were put in a reducing environment
-showed that small organic molecules were forming over long periods of time.
3 characteristics of prokaryotes
-small cell size
-unicellular
-circular genome
-no membrane-bound organelles
-motile (many)
-cell wall
-ability to form endospore
-asexual reproduction
-genetic recombination
Benefits of having organelles
each organelle has specific f(x)'s which direct a specific series of chemical reactions (allows for specialization)
1 Advantage & 1 Disadvantage of
Radial
&
Bilateral symmetry
Radial
- no specific vulnerable location
-can't move
Bilateral
-able to move and focus on prey
-sensitive areas, cephalization
Name 1 subphylum of Arthropoda, 1 characteristic, and 1 animal under that subphylum
-Chelicerata (chelicerae, cephalothorax) - spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs
-Myriapoda (centipedes, millipedes) - many segmented legs
-Crustacea (lobsters, crabs, shrimp, barnacles) - specialized appendages
-Hexapoda [class Insecta] (insects, springtails) - 3 body segments (head, thorax, abdomen), metamorphosis wings(insecta)
What is the evidence for early life?
Microfossils & Stromatolites
Difference between Gram + and Gram - bacteria
Gram + = thick peptidoglycan layer (traps gram stain)
Gram - = has an additional outer membrane (gram stain doesn't stick)
4 Supergroups of eukaryotes
Excavata
SAR
Unikonta (fungi, choanoflagellates, animals)
Archaeplastida (red, green algae & plants)
The three different types of embryonic tissue layers
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Name 1 Phylum
I meannnnnn
The list of organic monomers and the organic polymers they form
(hint 4 each)
amino acids - proteins (enzymes)
fatty acids - lipids (phospholipids)
nucleotides - then nucleic acids (RNA then DNA)
monosaccharides - carbohydrates
Classify the metabolism of a living organism that gets energy from the sun and produces its own food.
Photoautotroph
*Autotrophs = carbon from inorganic CO2 molecules*
*Heterotrophs = carbon from organic molecules*
**bonus
Briefly explain:
endosymbiosis,
primary endosymbiosis, and
secondary endosymbiosis
endosymbiosis - a heterotrophic eukaryote tries to engulf an aerobic bacterium. Doesn't work, and aerobic bacterium provides extra ATP (energy) for eukaryote cell and aerobic bacterium gets protection. If aerobic bacterium divides by binary fission = mitochondrion
primary endosymbiosis - eukaryote (already w/ mitochondria) tries to engulf photosynthetic bacterium. Fails, and photosynthetic bacterium (cyanobacterium) photosynthesizes and provides eukaryote cell with extra Energy, also gets protection. If divides by binary fission = chloroplast
secondary endosymbiosis - eukaryote tries to engulf another eukaryote with chloroplasts (i.e. green or red algae)
What does protostome mean?
mouth developed first
Bracket and spell the clades for the phyla below
Porifera
Cnidaria
Echinodermata
Chordata
Mollusca
platyhelminthesis
Annelida
Nematoda
Arthropoda
I shall check, wrong spelling = no points >:)
Which bacteria started the Oxygen Revolution
&
What were 2 important effects of it
Cyanobacteria
More O2, more energy, more complex organisms (eukaryotes)
Ozone layer (UV)
Brief description of each type of genetic recombination
(take some time)
Transformation - bacterium dies and DNA is absorbed (homologous recombination) into another bacterium cell. Leads to a new combination of alleles/traits.
Conjugation - bacterium with plasmid breaks off portion of plasmid DNA and transmits to another bacterium across the pilus (mating bridge). Strands of DNA get synthesized. Cell now has new allele
Transformation - virus that infects a bacterium (phage) gets inserted into a bacterium cell. Phage DNA replicates and phage proteins are synthesized. Phage capsids take away phage DNA and by chance a piece of the original bacterium cell's DNA. Phage infects another bacterium cell and the original DNA gets incorporated (homologous recombination)
Briefly describe the life cycle of a plasmodium
-Sexual reproduction inside mosquitoes
-asexual reproduction inside human (liver)
-human gets bit, plasmodium reproduces in the liver, invades red blood cells, erupt out, repeat (schizogony) until the mosquito bites and picks up plasmodium gamete cells, grows and sexually produces in mosquito, repeats
Draw the 3 body plans (acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, coelomate)
Picasso time
Bracket off all of the subphyla & classes in the Chordata phylum
-Urochordata
-Cephalochordata
-Vertebrata
--jawless fish
--cartilaginous fish
--bony fish (ray-finned & lobed)
--Amphibia
--Reptilia (Aves)
--Mammalia