Animal Form, Function, Evolutionary History, and Diversity
The sister group to animals.
What are choanoflagellates?
(Replaced) What is the primary function of the myelin sheath, and how does its presence affect the conduction of nerve impulses?
Insulation → Faster propogation down the axon
A muscle contraction of sustained force resulting from repeated action potentials.
What is tetanus?
Gland cells can connect to neurons and be triggered via chemical synapse.
There are four valves within the heart. Name them, and tell me their location (Between x and y)
Tricuspid - btw Right atrium and Right ventricle
Pulmonary - btw Right ventricle and Pulmonary artery
Mitral - btw Left atrium and Left Ventricle
Aortic - btw Left Ventricle and Aorta
Two features that all lophotrochozoans have in common.
What are filter-feeding and trochophore larvae?
Lopho: filter-feeding (through tentacle/cilia-like structures surrounding the mouth)
Trocho: trochophore (wheel-carrying) larvae
What role does the binding of ATP to myosin play in the cross-bridge cycle?
It causes myosin to detach from actin.
This hormone is a peptide hormone, released by the anterior pituitary gland, and targets the adrenal cortex.
What is Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)?
A group of school-aged children are dissecting grasshoppers as part of their biology class. As they break the exoskeleton, the grasshopper's circulatory fluid leaks out. This fluid would be referred to as.
What is hemolymph?
This phylum includes a number of animals that may either be sessile or motile. They circumvent bulk flow through an inert gel called 'mesoglea.' For predation and defense, they use nematocysts on their tentacles.
What is Cnidaria?
This is one of the three classes of hormones. In order to transmit its signal, it must pass through the membrane and reach a receptor within the cell.
What are the skull, the laryngeal skeleton, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage (rib cage)?
Name three pairs of hormones that work antagonistically to each other, and name the homeostasis that they perform.
What are
1. insulin and glucagon (blood glucose homeostasis)
2. calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (blood calcium homeostasis)
3. aldosterone and epinephrine/norepinephrine (blood pressure homeostasis, also stress management)
During the cardiac cycle, where would you first expect to see depolarization of heart muscle?
This class of animals has a digestive system that runs along a single muscular foot.
What is gastropoda?
List these in order of the distance between one cell communicating and its target.
endocrine signaling, pheromones, action potential, paracrine signaling
shortest - action potential
paracrine signaling
endocrine signaling
longest - pheromone signaling
If all of the collagen were removed from a bone, how would the properties of that bone be altered?
(Edited) Collagen is a protein that provides strength and flexibility to the bone, as well as provides the materials needed to build joint cartilage.
Removing collagen would make the bone would be more brittle and easier to break and reduce the 'cushion' in the joints --> arthritis.
Draw the feedback loop for oxytocin-induced contractions. Is it positive or negative?
Stimulus - Baby stretches the cervix
Receptor - Mechanoreceptors in the cervix (send a signal to the brain)
Effector - Hypothalamus
Response - Hypothalamus releases oxytocin via the PPG to stimulate more contractions.
Positive; the contractions tighten the space around the baby, stretching the cervical mechanoreceptors even more.
What valves are closed during diastole? Systole?
(Corrected) Diastole: Atrioventricular valves are open. Semilunar valves are closed.
Systole: Semilunar valves are open. Atrioventricular valves are closed.
Explain why histones have a much slower molecular clock than other proteins.
Histones are found in eukaryotic organisms' DNA, helping to coil the chromtin into chromosomes. They're necessary for DNA replication and mitosis.
If a mutation occurs affecting the histones' ability to function, the DNA would be unable to replicate properly, preventing development of the embryo. This strong negative selective pressure prevents large changes in the histone-coding DNA. Thus, the base-pair differences occur less often over time, and the molecular clock is much slower.
This part of a taste sensory cell is directly involved with receiving stimuli.
Microvilli
List all of the hormones that are produced in the posterior pituitary gland, and then list all of the hormones stored in the posterior pituitary gland.
First part is a trick question! The hypothalamus creates the two hormones that the posterior pituitary gland then stores until needed (it does not produce any itself).
The two hormones secreted by the PPG are vasopressin/ADH and oxytocin.
At the arteriole end of a capillary, the blood pressure is (> / < / =) the osmotic pressure and fluid (enters / leaves) the blood vessel.
greater than; leaves.