Anatomy and Connectivity
Intracortical communication occurs within layers __ to __ of the human cortex.
What are layers to 1 to 3?
What is encoding?
Working memory involves these two operations applied to information to achieve a goal.
What are maintenance and manipulation?
Corticohippocampal circuit disorder maps onto these symptoms of ADHD.
What is inattentiveness?
Processing negative emotions in depression shows ____ activity in the dlPFC.
What is hypoactivity?
The core functions of the corticohippocampal circuit (CHC) are ________ and _________ _______.
What are memory and executive control?
Single hippocampal neurons that respond to specific people or places are located within the _______ circuit.
What is trisynaptic?
These are the three major subcomponents of executive control.
What are attention, working memory, and response selection?
In OCD, error monitoring shows increased functional connectivity between these two regions.
What are the dACC and dlPFC?
Upregulating positive emotions is associated with increased dlPFC activity and increased activity in the __.
What is the VS?
These types of neurons make up the minority (around 20%) of neurons in the PFC.
What are inhibitory GABA interneurons?
During encoding of emotionally charged stimuli, there is activity in the both the HF and the _______.
What is the amygdala?
This neuromodulator increases the signal-to-noise ratio in dlPFC to optimize processing of task-relevant information.
What is DA?
Trait-like hypoactivity of these two regions characterizes Bipolar Disorder.
What are the vlPFC and dlPFC?
Increased dlPFC activity when downregulating _____ emotions is associated with decreased amygdala activity.
What are negative emotions?
Layer 4 represents the majority of inputs to the cortex, coming largely from ________ relays.
What are thalamic relays?
Information regarding the location of items/objects in space is relayed from the dorsal stream to the ___________ ________.
What is the parahippocampal cortex?
Executive control reflects the ______ _______ of pyramidal neurons processing task-irrelevant information.
What is lateral inhibition?
Delusional Misidentification Syndromes (e.g., Capgras) involve lesions to this region, which is critical for integrating memory with contextual information.
What is the retrosplenial cortex?
CBT’s effectiveness has been linked to decreased reactivity in this region to negative self-descriptive words after 14 weeks of treatment.
What is the amygdala?
This subregion of the hippocampus proper is named for it's curved appearance.
What is the cornu ammonis?
This region of the brain is responsible for the ability to selectively access memories.
What is the dlPFC?
Using rTMS to transiently lesion the ____ produces a specific deficit in working memory for faces.
What is the vlPFC?
In schizophrenia, dlPFC is hyperactive at low working-memory loads but hypoactive at high loads, reflecting dysfunction of these neurons.
What are glutamatergic pyramidal neurons?
Increased dlPFC activity can “rescue” the negative effects of relatively increased _____ activity and decreased ______ activity.
What are amygdala and VS?