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Chapter 16
Chapter 15
Chapter 14
Chapter 13
Chapter 12
100
This is the genetic composition of an individual.
What is the genotype?
100
These are the two types of cell division in eukaryotes.
What are mitosis and meiosis?
100
A heritable change in the genetic material.
What is a mutation?
100
These are the two benefits of gene regulation.
What are conservation of energy and ensuring that genes are expressed in appropriate cell types and at the correct stage in development?
100
Beadle and Tatum's (relatively wrong) hypothesis.
What is one gene - one enzyme?
200
This is when the heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype (i.e. a red flower and a white flower mate and the offspring is pink).
What is incomplete dominance?
200
Name the four chromosomal mutations and briefly describe them.
Deletions: segments missing Duplications: section occurs 2 or more times in a row Inversions: change in direction along a single chromosome Translocations: one segment becomes attached to another chromosome
200
What is the difference between a silent mutation and a missense mutation?
They're both base substitutions, but a silent mutation does not alter the amino acid sequence, and a missense mutation changes a single amino acid in a polypeptide.
200
Gene regulation can occur at different points, however most occurs at ________________. Why?
Transcription. Because this way there is minimal waste in energy.
200
Name the three stages of transcription in bacteria and briefly describe them?
Initiation: recognition step (sigma factor) Elongation: RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA, use the template or coding strand, synthesize 5' --> 3' Termination: RNA polymerase reaches the termination sequence and it causes the newly made RNA transcript to dissociate from the DNA
300
Gregor Mendel was known for his work on genetics using this plant as his specimen.
What is the Garden Pea or Pisum sativum?
300
This is when chromosomes do not sort properly during cell division. If it happens during meiosis, it can produce gametes with too many or too few chromosomes.
What is nondisjunction?
300
This promotes cancer by keeping the cell division signaling pathway in a permanent "on" position.
What is an oncogene?
300
This is in bacteria when one mRNA can code for more than one protein.
What is polycistronic mRNA?
300
Eukaryotic mRNAs need to have the ______________ spliced out so just the _______________ (coding sequences) are left.
Introns; Exons
400
This law states that 2 copies of a gene segregate from each other during the transmission from parent to offspring.
What is Mendel's Law of Segregation?
400
Briefly name and describe the stages of the cell cycle.
G1: accumulate changes that cause it to progress through the cell cycle, there is a really important restriction point here S: chromosomes replicate G2: cell synthesizes proteins needed during mitosis and cytokinesis M: mitosis and cytokinesis Go: substitute for G1, cells postponing division or never dividing again
400
About 50% of all human cancers are associated with defects in this gene.
What is p53?
400
When lactose and glucose are both high, is the lac operon on or off?
Off (the cell will use glucose first, so there is no need for the lac operon right then)
400
Name two types of RNA processing aside from splicing and briefly describe their function.
Capping: modified guanosine cap, proper exit from nucleus and binding to ribosome Poly A Tail: increases stability
500
The law states that alleles of different genes assort independently of each other during gamete formation.
What is the Law of Independent Assortment?
500
Briefly name and describe the stages of Meiosis I.
Prophase I: replicated chromosomes condense and bivalents form as the nuclear membrane breaks down Prometaphase I: spindle apparatus complete, and the chromatids are attached to kinetochore microtubules Metaphase I: bivalents organized along metaphase plate as double row Anaphase I: segregation of homologus chromosomes Telophase I: sister chromatids have reached their respective poles and decondense and nuclear membranes reform
500
This is the most common DNA repair system. It works by encompassing a region of several nucleotides in the damaged strand, and removing them from the DNA. Then the intact undamaged strand is used as a template for resynthesis of a normal complementary strand.
What is Nucleotide Excision Repair?
500
Is the trp operon repressible or inducible. ****HINT: what happens in the presence of tryptophan
Repressible
500
**********WHAT IS THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF BIOLOGY**********
DNA is transcribed to RNA is translated to protein