Blood
Which of the following are granulocytes?
- Monocytes and lymphocytes
- Neutrophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- All of the listed responses are correct.
Neutrophils
The pericardial cavity lies between _______
the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium.
Vasa vasorum are __________.
small blood vessels within the tunica externa of large arteries and veins
Which disorder of the blood vessels can lead to varicose saphenous veins?
Venous disease
After birth, all blood cells originate in the bone marrow at the rate of __________ new cells per day.
100 billion
What is the percentage of eosinophils in normal blood?
1-4 percent
Auscultation at the fifth intercostals space in the right sternal margin indicates sounds of the __________ valve.
tricuspid
The diameter of arterioles is regulated by __________.
local factors in tissues signaling smooth muscle cells to contract or relax
If capillaries fail to develop in a certain location, this condition is called an __________.
arteriovenous malformation
During which month of development does the heart divide into its four definitive chambers, by the formation of its midline septum and valves?
Month two
Which structure(s) make(s) blood cells only in emergencies that demand increased hematopoiesis?
Yellow marrow
Which valve or valves is/are more susceptible to age-related hardening and thickening of the cusps?
Mitral/bicuspid and aortic semilunar valves
Longitudinal bands of smooth muscle further thicken the tunica externa in __________.
Venae cavae
An atherosclerotic blockage in the anterior interventricular artery would result in decreased (or lack of) blood flow to the __________.
interventricular septum and anterior walls of the ventricles
In fetal circulation, the _____ and _____ shunt blood away from pulmonary circulation.
ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale
Freddy could tell that a neuron cell body on his slide was as wide as ten erythrocytes. How wide was the neuron cell body (in micrometers)?
70 - 80 micrometers ( 10×(7–8µm))
You have been called on to demonstrate where to listen for heart sounds. Explain where on the chest wall you would place a stethoscope to listen for (a) incompetence of the aortic valve and (b) stenosis of the mitral valve.
(a) To listen for aortic valve incompetence (regurgitation), place the stethoscope at the second intercostal space, right of the sternum (the aortic area).
(b) To listen for mitral valve stenosis, place the stethoscope at the fifth intercostal space, left midclavicular line (the apex of the heart).
In an eighth-grade health class, the teacher warned the students not to squeeze pimples or pluck hairs on their nose and upper lip. The students made fun of this warning, but they got the message when the teacher explained the danger triangle of the face. What is the danger of infections in this area?
The “danger triangle” of the face, which includes the area around the nose and upper lip is considered dangerous because infections in this region can easily spread directly to the brain through a network of veins, potentially leading to serious complications like mengitis, brain abscesses, or a blood clot in the cavernouos sinus.
During a lethal heart attack, a blood clot lodges in the first part of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery, blocking blood flow through this vessel. What regions of the heart will become ischemic and die?
The circumflex branch of the left coronary artery supplies the left atrium and the posterior and lateral walls of the left ventricle. If it’s blocked, those regions of the heart will become ischemic (which means oxygen-deprived) and can die.
After young Janie was diagnosed as having acute lymphocytic leukemia, her parents could not understand why infection was a major problem for Janie when her WBC count was so high. Provide an explanation for Janie’s parents.
Majority of the white blood cells are abnormal leukemia cells that cannot effectively function to fight infection. They are not functioning as normal WBCs which leaves her vulnerable to infections despite having a high WBC count.
Your child has had a moderate fever for 2 days. On the third day, you take her to the pediatrician. After an examination, blood is drawn and a CBC with diff is performed. How does this information aid the pediatrician in determining whether the cause of the infection is viral or bacterial?
A CBC with diff helps the pediatrician assess the type of infection by analyzing the different types of WBCs present in the blood. An increase in neutrophil suggests a bacterial infection while a higher proportion of lymphocytes indicated a viral infection.
After a man was stabbed in the chest, his face became blue and he lost consciousness from lack of oxygenated blood to the brain. The diagnosis was cardiac tamponade rather than severe blood loss through internal bleeding. What is cardiac tamponade, how did it cause the observed symptoms, and how is it treated?
Cardiac tamponade happens when blood or fluid fills the space around the heart (the pericardial cavity) and puts pressure on it. This pressure prevents the heart from filling and pumping blood properly. As a result, less oxygenated blood reaches the body and brain, which causes the man’s face to turn blue and him to pass out. Treatment involves pericardiocentesis, where the doctor drains the fluid to relieve pressure on the heart so it can beat normally again.
Samantha accidentally received a small but deep puncture wound from broken glass in the exact midline of the anterior side of her distal forearm. She worried during the 10-minute ride to the hospital that she would bleed to death because she had heard stories about people dying from slashing their wrist. Is her fear of bleeding to death justified? Explain your reasoning.
Samantha’s fear is not justified because the major blood vessels in the forearm are located in the side, not in the midline. It’s unlikely for them to cause life-threatening bleeding.
Occasionally, either the ductus arteriosus or the foramen ovale stays patent (open) after birth. What functional deficit do both these conditions produce?
Both these conditions produce a left-to-right shunt, meaning blood is abnormally directed from the oxygen-rich left side of the heart to the oxygen-poor right side. Causing inefficeint oxygenation of the blood.
Ms. Hamad, who is 73 years old, is admitted to the coronary care unit of a hospital with a diagnosis of left ventricular failure resulting from a myocardial infarction. Her heart rhythm is abnormal. Explain what a myocardial infarction is, how it is likely to have been caused, and why the heart rhythm is affected.
A myocardial infarction (MI) is a heart attack caused by blockage of blood flow (usually from a coronary artery clot or atherosclerosis) to part of the heart muscle. This causes death of cardiac muscle cells in the affected area. Because some of these dead cells include parts of the heart’s conduction system, the heart rhythm becomes abnormal (arrhythmia).