Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
What is the term for the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes?
Homeostasis.
What are the four major elements found in the human body?
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
What are the three main parts of a cell?
Plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm.
What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino acids.
the major functions of Integumentary system?
Protects the body, regulates temperature, provides sensory input.
What are the major structural levels of organization in the human body?
Atoms-Molecules-Cells-Tissues-Organs-Organ systems
What is the process by which water molecules move through a membrane from low to high solute concentration?
Osmosis.
What is the main function of mitochondria in the cell?
To produce ATP (energy) through cellular respiration.
Which organ system is responsible for the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) with the environment?
Respiratory system.
What are Dorsal( posterior) cavity?
Cranial cavity and vertebral cavity.
What is anatomical position?
A person stands upright with feet flat, arms at the sides, palms facing forward, and head directed forward.
What is an ion?
An atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons, resulting in a charge.
What are the components of the cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
What type of bond forms when electrons are transferred from one atom to another?
Ionic bond.
Describe how structure and function are related.
The structure of an organ or system is specifically designed to allow it to perform its function efficiently (e.g., the structure of the lungs is adapted for gas exchange).
What are the components of a feedback loop?
Receptor, control center, effector.
What is the pH scale used to measure?
The acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
What type of transport requires the use of ATP to move solutes against a concentration gradient?
Active transport.
Which component of the cell is responsible for protein synthesis?
Ribosomes.
What is hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules?
Hydrophilic molecules are "water-loving" and dissolve easily in water due to their polarity or the ability to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules whereas Hydrophobic molecules are "water-fearing" and do not dissolve in water due to their nonpolar nature.
What is the plane that divides the body into left and right halves?
Sagittal plane.
What type of bond involves the unequal sharing of electrons?
Polar covalent bond.
In which phase of interphase does DNA replication occur?
The S phase.
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
To modify, package, and distribute proteins and lipids.
Distinguish between mitosis and cytokinesis.
Mitosis is the division of the nucleus, resulting in two genetically identical daughter nuclei whereas Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm and organelles, completing cell division and resulting in two separate daughter cells.