defining abnormality
This "D" refers to behavior that is different, extreme, or unusual
Deviance
A therapist believes their client's anxiety stems from unresolved childhood conflicts and unconscious fears. They focus on exploring early memories and repressed emotions.
HINT: This is the oldest psychological model, based on the belief that behavior is largely determined by underlying psychological forces of which the person is not aware
Psychodynamic model
Researchers are interested in understanding the relationship between social media use and feelings of loneliness among adolescents. They ask students to report their social media use and levels of loneliness in a survey. What type of experiment is this?
Correlational Design
A person in a prehistoric society is believed to be possessed by an evil spirit, and a hole is drilled into their skull to release the spirit. Which ancient treatment is this?
Trephination
A clinician administers the same test to a client on multiple occasions and gets similar results each time. What characteristic of the assessment tool does this demonstrate?
Reliability
This "D" describes behavior that interferes with daily functioning and disrupts social relationships
Dysfunction
A patient experiences severe depression. A psychiatrist explains that the cause may be linked to low serotonin levels and prescribes medication to balance their brain chemistry.
HINT: This model, sometimes called the medical model, views abnormal behavior as an illness resulting from malfunctioning parts of the organism, typically pointing to problems in brain structure, chemistry, and/or circuitry
Biological Model
The only way to determine causal relationships is with what design?
Experimental
A physician in ancient Greece believes that a person’s depression is caused by an excess of black bile in the body, leading to a disturbance in their emotional state. What is this condition known as?
An imbalance of humors
A psychologist is reviewing a test and finds that it consistently measures the same thing every time it is administered to the same individual. What term describes this consistency in measurement?
test-retest reliability
James has been feeling overwhelmed and anxious for weeks, struggling to sleep and focus on daily tasks. His psychologist says this "D" is a key factor in understanding why his emotions are causing an abnormality in his life
What is the "D" the psychologist is referring to?
Distress
Emma constantly thinks, “I’ll never be good enough,” which causes her to avoid taking on new challenges. Her therapist teaches her to identify and reframe these negative thought patterns while practicing exposure to overcome her fears.
HINT: This model focuses on the thoughts and behaviors associated with psychopathology
The Cognitive-Behavioral Model
Researchers are interested in investigating how sleep deprivation affects memory retention. They randomly assign people to sleep-deprived and non-sleep-deprived conditions before having them take a recall task. What type of research design is this?
Experimental Design
During the Renaissance, physicians often prescribed a process to remove "bad blood" or to balance bodily fluids by cutting open the veins. This practice was believed to help treat conditions such as fever or mental illness. What is this procedure called?
Bloodletting
A clinician is concerned with whether a psychological assessment truly measures what it is intended to measure, such as whether an IQ test accurately reflects intelligence rather than memory or reading skills. What is this quality of the test called?
Validity
This term refers to the unstated and stated rules for proper conduct in a society or culture.
Norms
Carlos is struggling with depression, but his therapist notices that much of his distress stems from pressure to meet his family’s cultural expectations and the discrimination he faces in his community.
HINT: This model considers the broad social and cultural forces that influence an individual
The Sociocultural Model
What variable is manipulated in an experiment in an effort to observe an effect on another variable?
Independent Variable
The ancient Greeks believed that certain mental disorders in women were caused by a condition where the uterus would "wander" throughout the body, causing symptoms like anxiety and irritability. What is this theory called?
Wandering uterus (or Hysteria)
A doctor gathers a variety of information, including medical history, behavioral observations, and test results, to create a comprehensive understanding of a patient's mental health. What is this overall picture of the patient's symptoms and history known as?
Clinical Picture
Lila has started driving recklessly, ignoring traffic rules and speeding through red lights. Her actions not only put her life at risk but also endanger others around her. Her psychologist explains that this "D" is a critical factor in understanding abnormal behavior.
Question:
What is the "D" the psychologist is referring to?
Danger
Sophia feels unfulfilled in her life and is struggling to find meaning in her career and relationships. Her therapist helps her explore her values, goals, and the importance of self-actualization, focusing on her personal growth and sense of purpose.
HINT: Perspective emphasizes people as friendly, cooperative, and constructive, with a focus on self-actualization
The Humanistic-Existential Model
To investigate the effects of alcohol on attention, a cognitive psychologist subjected two groups of participants to an attention-measuring test. One group consumed a moderate amount of alcohol, while the other group was not administered any alcohol at all. What is the dependent variable in this research study?
Scores on the test measuring attention
Which popular Psychologist created the theory of psychoanalysis which argued that largely unconscious processes are at the root of abnormal functionin
Sigmund Freud
When using a standardized test, the clinician ensures that the test is administered and scored in the same way for all individuals to maintain consistency. What is the process of maintaining this consistency called?
standardization