Biological and environmental foundations
An individual's directly observable physical and behavioral characteristics which are determined by both genetic and environmental factors
what is phenotype?
A range of tasks that the child cannot handle alone but can do with the help of a more skilled partner.
What is the zone of proximal development?
The first stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive
development was the sensorimotor stage.
The next stage, encompassing early childhood,
is called __________________.
Pre-operational stage
This type of research design includes people of different ages at one point in time
Cross-sectional design
What are example of teratogens?
Illegal drugs, alcohol, radiation,
and environmental pollution are
examples of these.
Measures the extent to which
traits in a large population are
due to genetic factors
What is heritability?
As posited by Piaget’s cognitive
development theory, this type of
change involves integrating new
information into existing structures.
What is assimilation?
Describes how growth and motor
control progresses from “head to
tail”
What is the cephalocaudal trend?
What is correlational design?
A research design in which information is gathered on individuals without altering their experiences and then examine relationships between participants characteristics and their behavior or development.
This is a white substance that
protects the baby’s skin from
getting chapped in the placenta.
What is the vernix?
This type of genetic influence
involves the individual seeking an
environment that is most
compatible with their genes
What is active/niche-picking
influence?
When a child applies a word to a
wider collection of objects and
events than is appropriate.
What is overextension?
A theory that suggests that a
a person develops within a multi-
layered system of relationships
What is Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems theory?
What is a sensitive period?
The ability to discriminate lights,
shadows, and colors. This
develops within a baby’s first few
months.
What is visual acuity?
In Crystal & Stevenson (1995),
this was the most common
response from Taiwanese
individuals when asked to
describe a typical “bad” kid.
What is rebelling against society?
A form of communication made up of high-pitched short sentences, exaggerated expressions, and clear pronunciation.
What is infant-directed speech?
This scale assesses newborn’s
conditions on an overall 10 point
scale.
What is the APGAR scale?
Morelli et al. (1992) discussed
how these values contributed to
why American families chose not
to co-sleep with their children
What are independence and self-
reliance?
A hollow, fluid filled ball of cells
that forms 4-5 days after
fertilization
What is the blastocyst?
What are chromosomes?
Name three benefits that have been found for
infants who have secure attachments.
1) more curious, sociable, and independent as preschoolers; 2) more enthusiastic, persistent,
and cooperative; 3) more effective in coping & problem-solving; 4) exhibit higher self-esteem in
elementary school; 5) more eager to learn new skills and exhibit more imaginative play; 6)
predicts capacity for intimacy in adult relationships
The ability to judge the distance of objects from one another and from ourselves.
What is depth perception?
The effects of cultural-historical change on the accuracy of longitudinal and cross-sectional research findings.
What are cohort effects?
Skin-to-skin contact method that
promotes the recovery of
preterm babies through the
parent’s body functioning as a
human incubator.
What is Kangaroo care?