The Criminal Justice System
This model of justice is known as the “assembly line,” prioritizing efficiency and public safety.
Crime control model
Crimes like murder and assault are considered mala in se because they are __________.
Inherently wrong in nature
Substantive law defines crimes and punishments, while this type of law defines enforcement procedures and rights.
Procedural law
This era of policing was characterized by corruption and political influence.
Political Era
Research shows that about this fraction of Americans experience a police encounter each year.
1 in 5
This model is described as an “obstacle course,” emphasizing fairness and protection of rights
Due process model
This FBI program measures reported crimes but misses unreported ones.
Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
These are the three main classifications of offenses in criminal law.
Felonies, misdemeanors, and civil infractions
This policing style emphasizes order maintenance and discretion.
Watchman style
Officers who passively accept favors are called “________ eaters.”
Grass eaters
The “wedding cake” model’s bottom layer primarily consists of these types of cases.
Misdemeanors
The “dark figure of crime” refers to this.
Unreported crime
This principle requires that there be both a guilty act (actus reus) and a guilty mind (mens rea) for a crime.
Concurrence
The three main functions of police.
Enforcing laws, maintaining order, and providing services
This system uses data to identify crime hot spots and guide deployment strategies.
CompStat
The three primary goals of the criminal justice system.
Doing justice, controlling crime, and preventing crime
Routine Activities theory states that crime occurs when these three elements converge.
A motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian
Self-defense and necessity are examples of this type of defense.
Justification defenses
This federal agency investigates terrorism, cybercrime, and major federal offenses.
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)
Internal affairs, civilian review boards, and CALEA accreditation are all methods of ensuring this.
Accountability
The 13th and final step in the criminal justice process.
Release
According to victimization data, these groups are most at risk of crime.
Young, poor, urban residents—often victimized by acquaintances
This Supreme Court case extended the right to counsel to indigent defendants in state courts.
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Community policing emphasizes three key components: partnerships, problem-solving, and this.
service orientation (or building trust)
One debated role in schools, criticized for the “school-to-prison pipeline,” is this type of officer.
Student Resource Officers (SROs)