Defining Relative Clauses
This is the library ___ I borrowed the book from.
This is the library where I followed the book from.
Combine the sentences
My mother is a great cook. She taught me how to bake.
My mother, who is a great cook, taught me how to bake.
I need ___ to help me with this homework.
I need someone to help me with this homework.
I ____ (live) in this city for five years, but I ____ (move) here in 2018.
I have lived in this city for five years, but I moved here in 2018.
**The present perfect is used for an action that continues up to the present, while the past simple is used for a completed action at a specific time in the past.
By the time we ____ (arrive), the movie ____ (already/start).
By the time we arrived, the movie had already started.
**The past perfect is used for the earlier action (the movie starting), and the past simple is used for the later action (arriving).
The teacher ___ taught us English last year is now retired.
The teacher who taught us English last year is now retired.
Combine the sentences
Madrid is the capital of Spain. It is known for its museums.
Madrid, which is the capital of Spain, is known for its museums.
Is there ___ interesting to do in this town?
Is there anything to do in this town?
She ____ (visit) Italy twice, but she ____ (go) there for the first time in 2015.
She has visited Italy twice, but she went there for the first time in 2015.
**The present perfect describes an action repeated over time, while the past simple refers to the specific first visit in 2015.
She ____ (finish) her homework before she ____ (go) out.
She had finished her homework before she went out.
**The past perfect shows the action completed first (finishing homework), and the simple indicates the later action (going out).
Can you find the woman ___ dog is barking outside?
Can you find the woman whose dog is barking outside?
Combine the sentences
My uncle‘s work focuses on climate change. He recently won an award.
My uncle, whose work focuses on climate change, recently won an award.
He found his wallet ___ near the entrance.
He found his wallet somewhere near the entrance.
They ____ (work) on several projects together, but they ____ (meet) for the first time during a conference last year.
They have worked on several projects together, but they met for the first time during a conference last year.
**The present perfect is used for actions with relevance to the present, while the past simple refers to the completed action of their first meeting.
When I ____ (get) to the station, the train ____ (already/leave).
When I got to the station, the train had already left.
**The past perfect indicates the earlier action (train leaving), and the past simple indicates the later action (arriving at the station).
Combine the sentences
This is the car. It belongs to my brother.
This is the car which belongs to my brother.
Combine the sentences
The Eiffel Tower is in Paris. It attracts millions of tourists each year.
The Eiffel Tower, which is in Paris, attracts millions of tourists each year.
There was ____ left in the refrigerator after the power outage.
There was nothing left in the refrigerator after the power outage.
He ____ (write) many articles for the newspaper, but he ____ (publish) his first one when he was just 18.
He has written many articles for the newspaper, but he published his first one when he was just 18.
**The present perfect indicates an ongoing result, while the past simple refers to a specific past event.
He ____ (realize) he ____ (forget) his passport when he was at the airport.
He realized he had forgotten his passport when he was at the airport.
**The past perfect is used for the earlier action (forgetting the passport), and the past simple is used for the later realization.
Combine the sentences
She lives in a house. The house has a beautiful garden.
She lives in a house which has a beautiful garden.
Combine the sentences
My best friend’s family owns a bookstore. She lives in Canada.
My best friend, whose family owns a bookstore, lives in Canada.
They looked for the missing cat, but they found it ___.
They looked for the missing cat, but they found it nowhere.
Question: When I ____ (see) her last week, she ____ (already/start) working on her new book. Answer:
When I saw her last week, she had already started working on her new book.
**The past simple is used for "saw," a specific past event, while the past perfect ("had started") shows the earlier action.
After they ____ (eat) dinner, they ____ (decide) to take a walk by the beach.
After they had eaten dinner, they decided to take a walk by the beach.
**The past perfect is used for the earlier action (eating dinner), and the past simple is used for the later action (deciding to take a walk).