Research Methods
A study finds that students who sleep more tend to have higher GPAs. This study cannot prove this concept.
Causation
The variable manipulated by the researcher.
Independent Variable
When information never makes it into memory in the first place, this memory process has failed.
Encoding
Knowing that Paris is the capital of France uses this type of memory.
Semantic Memory
In Pavlov’s experiments, food presented to the dogs was this stimulus.
Unconditioned stimulus
A testable prediction derived from a theory.
Hypothesis
In a study testing whether caffeine improves memory, memory test scores represent this variable.
Dependent Variable
The process of maintaining information in memory over time.
Storage
Knowing how to ride a bike uses this type of memory.
Procedural Memory
Learning by watching others is known as this.
Observational Learning
A correlation coefficient of -0.85 means the relationship between two variables is strong and goes in this direction.
Strong negative correlation
The group that does not receive the treatment.
Control Group
When you know information but cannot recall it at the moment, this process has failed.
Retrieval
In this model of memory, knowledge is stored as connected ideas or nodes.
Semantic Network
After conditioning, the bell in Pavlov’s experiment became this stimulus.
Conditioned stimulus
In this type of research, a scientist manipulates one variable to see its effect on another variable.
Experiment
The mistaken belief that correlation automatically means causation.
Correlation does not equal causation
The inability to recall important personal information.
Amnesia
Remembering your last birthday party uses this type of memory.
Episodic Memory
A student talks during class and the teacher assigns extra homework to decrease the behavior.
Positive Punishment
The numerical value that describes the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.
Correlation coefficient
A statement explaining how variables are expected to relate in a study
Hypothesis
Loss of memories from before a brain injury.
Retrograde Amnesia
Forgetting caused by competing memories.
Interference theory
A child cleans their room to avoid being yelled at by their parents.
Negative Reinforcement