Energy
This is energy that is stored in an object’s position or
location
Potential Energy
Substrates attach to enzymes by a process called
binding
Binding of a substrate involves the formation of non-covalent bonds between the enzyme and substrate
In cellular respiration, glucose is broken
down in the presence of oxygen to form
carbon dioxide and water
Processing of pyruvate happens in the
mitochondrial matrix
Respiration: Glucose and oxygen molecules are _____ _____ into carbon dioxide and water
broken down
If ΔH is positive then the reaction
absorbs kinetic energy from its environment
The reactants of a chemical reaction are called the
substrates
Energy storage in cells depends upon
a process called
the ATP-ADP cycle
The proteins of the electron transport chain are found in the
mitochondrial inner
membrane
Inside the double membrane is water-based
interior called the
stroma
Typically, when a covalent bond is broken down by the cell, the ______ _____ energy in that bond released as ________
_______ into the environment
Chemical potential
kinetic energy
Competitive Inhibition and how it works
Competitive inhibition is enzyme regulation.
• This type of regulation does not involve
conformational shifts
this type, a regulatory molecule made by
the cell can bind to the enzyme’s active site
• When the regulatory molecule is bound the
substrates cannot bind
• If the substrates cannot bind the enzyme
cannot perform the chemical reaction
As ATP starts to be used up by the cell what happens
ATP levels will decrease and so the cell will need to start making
more ATP again
The cell will want to shut down pyruvate processing if
the levels of ........ are what?
ATP, NADH, or acetyl CoA start to rise
above their maximum
The photosynthetic ETC ......
pumps
hydrogen ions from the chloroplast
stroma to the thylakoid lumen
A transition state is a temporary molecule
where the old bonds are.....
breaking and new
bonds are forming at the same time
This shape change in the protein (enzyme)
shifts the amino acids in the active site into the correct position to
catalyze the chemical reaction
The net effect of glycolysis
• +2 ATP molecules
• +2 NADH molecules
• +2 pyruvate molecules
The citric acid cycle is how we
break down the
remainder of the original glucose molecule into carbon
dioxide
2nd chemical path in light capture
non-cyclic electron flow
Binding to the enzyme significantly ____ ____ ______ _______
Lowering the activation energy _____ ______ ___ ___ ___ ___ ______
lowers the
activation energy
greatly
increases the speed of reactions
The 3D shape of the enzyme allows it to form
the precise pattern of non-covalent bonds needed to hold the substrates in the
proper physical orientation in the active site
To regulate glycolysis, the cell uses a special
type of _____ _______
• Special type is called _______ ________
allosteric inhibition
feedback inhibition
What goes in the citric acid cycle?
What goes in:
• 2 molecules of acetyl CoA
• 6 molecules of NAD+
• 2 molecules of FAD
• 2 molecules of ADP
Anabolic reactions are where
we put small molecules together to build larger ones