Biology & Chemistry
How many valence electrons does any given atom need to be stable?
a) 6
b) 2
c) 10
d) 8
d) 8.
Which of the following domains is prokaryotic?
A) Fungi
B) Eukarya
C) Archaea
D) Protists
C) Archaea
This lipid is solid at room temperature.
Saturated Fatty Acid.
Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?
A) The citric acid cycle
B) The electron transport chain
C) Glycolysis
D) Reduction of pyruvate to lactate
C) Glycolysis
Experimentation is only one part of the process of scientific inquiry, but it is a very important step because it __________.
A) ensures that hypotheses can be confirmed with certainty
B) allows scientists to control all aspects of the system
C) allows rejection of hypotheses
D) ensures that the variable being tested is measured without error
C) allows rejection of hypotheses
Which of the following features do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common?
A) Mitochondria, cytoplasm, plasma membrane
B) Ribosomes, nucleus, plasma membrane
C) Ribosomes, Plasma Membrane, cytoplasm
D) Nucleus, plasma membrane, ribosomes
E) Mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoplasm
C) Ribosomes, Plasma Membrane, cytoplasm
Carbohydrates can function in which of the following ways?
A) Information Storage
B) Energy Storage
C) Structural Support
D) Enzymatic Catalysis
E) Structural Support and Energy Storage
E) Structural Support and Energy Storage
Which of the following states the relevance of the first law of thermodynamics to biology?
a) Living organisms must increase the entropy of their surroundings.
b) Energy is destroyed as glucose is broken down during cellular respiration
c) Because living things consume energy, the total energy of the universe is constantly decreasing.
d) Photosynthetic organisms produce energy in sugars from sunlight.
e) Energy can be freely transformed among different forms as long as the total energy is conserved.
e) Energy can be freely transformed among different forms as long as the total energy is conserved.
When the pH of a solutions shifts from 7 to 3, how has the hydrogen ion concentration changed?
a) It has not changed.
b) It has decreased by 4 times.
c) It has decreased by 10,000 times.
d) It has increased by 10,000 times.
e) It has increased by 4 times.
d) It has increased by 10,000 times.
When polar molecules and ions diffuse passively across the cell membrane with the help of transport proteins.
A) Simple diffusion
B) Facilitated diffusion
C) Proton pump
D) Osmosis
B) Facilitated diffusion
In a nucleotide, the phosphate group is attached to which carbon of the pentose sugar?
a) 1'
b) 4'
c) 3'
d) 5'
d) 5'
Which of the following statements about enzyme function is correct?
A) Enzymes can lower the activation energy of reactions, but they cannot change the equilibrium point because they cannot change the net energy output.
B) Enzymes can greatly speed up reactions, but they cannot change the activation energy because they cannot change the net energy output.
C) Enzymes can change the equilibrium point of reactions, but they cannot speed up reactions because they cannot change the net energy output.
D) Enzymes can greatly speed up reactions, but they cannot change the net energy output because they cannot change the activation energy.
E) None of the listed responses is correct.
A) Enzymes can lower the activation energy of reactions, but they cannot change the equilibrium point because they cannot change the net energy output.
Name the types of reactions and metabolisms a) build macromolecules and b) break macromolecules apart.
Build: Dehydration reaction, anabolism, endergonic
Break: Hydrolysis, catabolism, exergonic
This organelle hydrolyzes macromolecules.
lysosomes
Name the macromolecules that include a phosphate group in their structure.
Lipids (specifically phospholipids)
Nucleic Acids
Which step of the aerobic cellular respiration process involves an output of 2 Acetyl Coenzyme A?
A) Glycolysis
B) Pyruvate Oxidation
C) Citric Acid Cycle
D) Oxidative Phosphorylation
B) Pyruvate Oxidation
What is ATP's importance in the cell?
A) ATP contains a long hydrocarbon tail and is important in storing energy.
B) ATP stores energy in carbonyl groups. When a carbonyl group is removed, energy is released to be used in cellular processes.
C) ATP stores the potential to react with water, thereby removing a phosphate group and releasing energy for cellular processes.
D) ATP can add phosphate groups, thereby releasing energy that can be used in cellular processes.
C) ATP stores the potential to react with water, thereby removing a phosphate group and releasing energy for cellular processes.
Glucose can be moved into cells via an active transport mechanism when the concentration of glucose inside the cell is higher than the concentration of glucose outside of the cell. This active transport mechanism moves glucose and sodium into the cell at the same time. The glucose moves up its gradient and the sodium moves down its gradient. Which of the following statements about this mechanism is accurate?
A) To pump glucose up its concentration gradient, sodium moves down its concentration gradient.
B) The distribution of sodium ions across the membrane forms an electrochemical gradient that drives this mechanism.
C) Sodium and glucose move together into the cell via facilitated diffusion.
D) Sodium and glucose move together into the cell via facilitated diffusion, and to pump glucose up its concentration gradient, sodium moves down its concentration gradient.
E) To pump glucose up its concentration gradient, sodium moves down its concentration gradient, and the distribution of sodium ions across the membrane forms an electrochemical gradient that drives this mechanism.
E) To pump glucose up its concentration gradient, sodium moves down its concentration gradient, and the distribution of sodium ions across the membrane forms an electrochemical gradient that drives this mechanism.
When a protein is denatured, why does it lose its functionality?
A) Denaturation destroys the primary structure of the protein, and the protein breaks down to monomers.
B) Different amino acids are substituted into the sequence, so the protein's properties change.
C) Denaturation breaks the weak bonds, such as hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals interactions, that hold the protein in its three-dimensional shape. Without the proper shape, the protein cannot function.
D) Denaturation breaks the covalent bonds that hold the protein in its three-dimensional shape. Without the proper shape, the protein cannot function.
E) The protein's pH changes, causing it to lose its functionality.
C) Denaturation breaks the weak bonds, such as hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals interactions, that hold the protein in its three-dimensional shape. Without the proper shape, the protein cannot function.
Which of the following substances is/are involved in oxidative phosphorylation?
A) ATP
B) ADP
C) oxygen
D) None of the listed responses is correct.
E) The first three listed substances are involved in oxidative phosphorylation.
E) The first three listed substances are involved in oxidative phosphorylation.