Lexicology & Syntax
What is the difference between lexicology and syntax
lexicology - study of lexemes
- word classes (noun, verb, adjective, adverb...)
Syntax - set of grammatical rules that govern structure and word order
e.g.: subject - verb - object
What are the 6 functions?
Referential
Conative
Phatic
Poetic
Metalinguistic
Emotive
What is etymology? Give an example
The study of word origins
e.g.: English "bear" has Germanic roots meaning "brown"
name 3 types of nouns
proper noun (Australia)
common/concrete noun (table)
abstract noun (humanity)
countable/uncountable (cats/water)
compound nouns (toothpaste)
What are the elements of situational context?
Text type
Tenor
Mode
Setting
Field
What is borrowing? Give an example of a borrowed term and explain where it came from
Chancellor - French
When the Normans invaded in 1066, there was a massive influx of French lexemes that entered the English language
How would I form an imperative sentence?
verb first structure
e.g.: Go and do your homework
What are the 4 sentence types
declarative
interrogative
imperative
exclamatory
What is broadening?
When the meaning of a lexeme changes over time to include more than its initial meaning
e.g.:
logbook - outside of shipping context
girl - originally any young child of any gender
What are the two types of conjunctions?
coordinating (FANBOYS - for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
subordinating (although, however, even though, rather than ...)
What is meant by linguistic prescriptivism and descriptivism?
How does standardisation impact these ideas?
Standardisation - process of creating a "standard" of English - i.e.: what makes "correct" and "incorrect" language use
The idea of standardisation leads to linguistic prescriptivism - the idea that there is a "correct" version of language.
Deviation from the standard shows that language can be descriptivist- that any language use regardless of conforming to standards/conventions is acceptable
Explain why there is a preference to spell the food item of "rocket" as "roquette" in some restaurants
"Roquette" shows French orthographic conventions "qu" + "ette"
There is a sense of elevation in culinary fields when it comes to using either French lexemes (e.g.: Hors d'oeuvres) or phonetic/orthographic conventions (Chocolat)
differentiate between the following:
pronoun - determiner
adjective - adverb
pronoun - must be able to replace a noun
determiner - a category for words that determiner qualities of nouns (e.g.: possessive - my computer, definite article - the computer)
adjective - describes a noun
adverb - modifies a range of lexemes (verbs, adjectives, adverbs, phrases, clauses)
e.g: The dog is very big (very = adverb) (big = adjective)
List all 6 subsystems and accurately identify 1 term that sit within each subsystem
Phonetics and phonology - phoneme (sound), voiced/unvoiced, vowels, consonants
Morphology - morpheme (inflectional - derivational), prefix, suffix, initialism, acronym, abbreviations
Lexicology - lexeme, (noun, verb, adjective, adverb, conjunction, pronoun, interjection, preposition, determiner), arhaism, borrowings
Syntax - phrase, clause, simple sentence, complex sentence, compound sentence, compound-complex sentence
Discourse and Pragmatics - formatting, conventions, ingerence, cohesion, coherence, code switching
Semantics - etymology, semantic shift, elevation, deterioration, broadening, narrowing, inference, connotation, denotation, idioms, euphemisms
What inferences could be made about lexemes and language conventions likely to exist in a medical text in the Old English - Middle English period?
- lexemes relating to field of religion
- conventions - prayers likely to occur and be written in Latin
- inference that cures involving vomit/diarrhea/bloodletting relate to theory of humors
- likely to see reference to the devil and/or elves/fairies