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Chapter 20
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Causative Agents
100
Explain the difference between "morbidity rate" and "mortality rate."
"Morbidity" is the rate of disease in a population; illness. It is calculated as the number of cases of an illness in a given time period divided by the population at risk. "Mortality rate" is most often expressed as a rate of death in a given population at risk; death.
100
Protein G, a virulence factor of Streptococcus pyogenes, has this effect:
Interferes with phagocytosis by binding Fc segment of IgG. This prevents phagocytosis mediated by specific antibody against the bacterium.
100
A normal flora of the skin that is responsible for the production of body odor and propiniobacterium acnes is called:
Diptheroid
100
Staphylococcal toxins that enter the circulation are called:
superantigens which cause the widespread release of cytokines, thereby producing toxic shock.
100
Bartonella henselase is the causative agent of this bacterial wound infection.
What is cat scratch disease?
200
List the 3 types of reservoirs:
1. Human: Symptomatic infections and asymptomatic carriers 2. Non-human/animal: zoonotic infections 3. Environmental: Air, Water, Soil
200
Corynebacterium diptheriae has little invasive ability, however, due to this substance, it is able to enter the bloodstream and damage the heart, nerves, and kidneys.
What is the diptheria exotoxin?
200
Explain the difference between a carbuncle and a furuncle (this may be an essay question).
A furuncle, or boil, causes localized redness, swelling, severe tenderness and pain. Pus may drain from the boil. A carbuncle is a larger and deeper lesion created by aggregation and interconnection of a cluster of furuncle. Fever is often present and it may be fatal in the elderly.
200
Strains of P. aeruginosa, produce one or more water-soluble pigments, which can be what colors?
red, yellow, blue, or dark brown
200
The causative agent of Group A Streptococcal "flesh eaters" is
What is Streptococcus pyogenes?
300
Explaine and provide examples of vertical and horizontal pahtogen transmission (could be an essay question).
Vertical transmission is passive. Example is a pathogen from the mother to the child or fetus thorugh breast milk or the placenta. Horizontal transmission is is aquired through contact with food, water, or living agent/insect.
300
A patient enters the clinic with the following signs and symptoms: cough, fever, chest pain, and pink or rust colored sputum. What condition dofes this person likely have and what is the causative agent?
What is pneumococcal pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.
300
Protein A, a virulence factor of S. aureus, has this effect:
It prevents the antibody from attaching to the Fc receptors on phagocytes, thus the major effect of protein A is to interfere with phagocytosis.
300
Pathological effects of this condition are entirely the result of an exotoxin called tetanospasim.
What is Lockjaw or Tetanus?
300
Tinea cruris is mycoses of the
groin.
400
Explain the difference between a mechanical vector and a biological vector.
A mechanical vector harbors pathogens externally and a biological vector harbors the pathogen internally.
400
The end result of this disease process is caseous necrosis in the lung.
What is tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
400
Describe the 3 stages of Lyme disease, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi: (this may be an essay question)
1. Erythema migrans and enlargement of enarby lymph nodes 2. involves the heart and nervous system. Dizzy spells or fainting may occur. 3. Arthritis manifests as joint pain, swelling, and tenderness. Chronic nervous system impairments such as localized pain, paralysis, and depression can occur.
400
List the three reasons why antimicrobial medications are not effective in treating wound abscesses:
1. Microorganisms cease multiplying and active multiplication is generally required for microbial killing by the medications 2. The chemical nature of pus interferes with the action of some antibiotics 3. Many antimicrobials diffuse poorly into abscesses because of the absence of blood vessels
400
Pinkeye, Earaches, and sinus infections may all be caused by:
Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae
500
Name at least three of the most common causes of nosocomial infections:
1. E. Coli (UTI) 2. Enterococcus (wound and blood infections) 3. Pseudomonas (Pneumonia, UTI, and Burns) 4. Staphylococcus aureus (Pneumonia and surgical site infections.
500
1. Complications of untreated Streptococcal Pharyngitis during acute illness include: 2. Post-streptococcal sequelae of Streptococcus pyogenes include:
1. Scarlet fever, Peritonsilar abscess 2. Acute glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever
500
Koplik spots are an important diagnostic sign of this condition:
What is Measles which is caused by the rubeola virus?
500
List two main factors which foster the development of gas gangrene (Clostridial Myonecrosis):
1. The presence of dirt and dead tissue in the wound 2. Long delays before the wound gets medical attention a-toxin wich attacks the ecithin in host cell membranes is the toxin implicated in its pathogenicity.
500
Rhinovirus is the causative agent of
the common cold.