Chordates
What are the four hallmark characteristics of chordates?
postanal tail
dorsal hollow nerve cord
pharyngeal gill slits
notochord
This describes the waves of muscular contraction that push food down the esophagus.
peristalsis
The basic subunit of a kidney is:
a nephron
After blood flows through the pulmonary veins, it flows next into ________
left atrium
Character release involves
the expansion of a fundamental niche or the changing of ones niche
The two groups included in Agnathans are:
myxini (hagfish) and cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys)
What do cytotoxic T cells target?
intracellular pathogens and cancers
Thrombrin converts ________ into ________
fibrinogen into fibrin
Steroid hormones usually produce their effect on:
the DNA
Biomagnification is concerned with:
the concentration of a certain chemical increases as one moves up trophic levels
Describe the reproductive processes of monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians.
Monotremes- lay eggs
Marsupials- embryo is born early, fully develops in a pouch
Eutherians- live birth, nourishment of embryo via placenta
What is the relationship between chief cells and parietal cells?
parietal cells release HCl, which converts the pepsinogen secreted by chief cells into pepsin
Following Meiosis II in spermatogenesis, these are generated:
four haploid early spermatids, which develop into fully grown sperm cells
What is the advantage provided by countercurrent flow?
It maximizes the rate of oxygen transfer from the water to the blood at all points .
Provide reasoning for why an intermediate level of disturbance is good for a community.
Too low disturbance- populations grow out of control, compete with each other
Too high disturbance- populations will never be stable, will likely die out or barely survive
In what ways are amphibians bound to their aquatic environments?
at least two ways here
1. Cutaneous respiration requires moist skin
2. must return to water to lay eggs
3. tadpoles must develop in aquatic environments
Identify at least three conditions of resting potential in a neuron.
1. outside of axon more positive than inside
2. greater concentration of Na outside, K inside
3. Na-K pump uses active transport to pump 3 Na out for every two K in
4. more potassium leaks out than sodium leaks in
5. presence of large anions inside, Cl- outside
What are the advantages and disadvantages provided by each form of nitrogenous waste?
Ammonia- highly soluble, low energy cost, very toxic
Urea- less toxic, less soluble, more expensive
Uric Acid- lowest toxicity, lowest solubility, highest energy cost
How is estrogen involved in both positive and negative feedback loops?
If estrogen is present alone, it will positively feedback to stimulate the hypothalamus to produce more GnRH, FSH, LH, and estradiol.
In combination with progesterone, the hypothalamus is inhibited via a negative feedback loop.
Provide three examples of r-selected traits, and three examples of k-selected traits.
r-selection: associated with an unstable environment
k-selection: associated with a stable environment
Describe each of the components of the amniotic egg.
Allantois- stores waste, gas exchange
Chorion- encapsulates embryo and yolk sac (which contains the yolk)
Albumin- the egg white (nutrition)
Amnion- cushioning/protection of embryo
Describe the location and basic function of the following hormones:
Calcitonin, FSH, Melatonin, Insulin
Calcitonin- Thyroid gland, lowers blood Ca level
FSH- anterior pituitary, production of ova and sperm
Melatonin- pineal gland, involved in body rhythms
Insulin- pancreas, lowers blood glucose levels
In synaptic transmission, what are the steps following the exocytosis of synaptic vesicles?
1. Neurotransmitters move across the synaptic cleft
2. Neurotransmitters bind to ligand-gated ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane.
3. Brief ion flow of some sort occurs
4. Neurotransmitter detaches and is then taken up or broken down.
Identify and explain the three examples of antibody effects that we discussed
Viral neutralization- antibodies crowd the pathogen, preventing further interaction
Opsonization- antibodies mark pathogen for phagocytosis
Complement System Activation- antibodies bring in complement proteins that attack the pathogen's membrane, causing it to lyse
Identify and Describe each of the five reasons we should conserve species.
Aesthetic- species are beautiful
Ecological- species play a role in ecosystems
Intellectual- species allow us to learn more about the world
Obligatory- we have a moral/ethical responsibility to conserve species
Utilitarian- species are useful to us