Anatomy
What are the three sections of vertebrae called?
Lumbar, thoracic and cervical
What are 3 acute respiratory responses to exercise?
Any of these:
Increased respiratory rate
Increase oxygen inhalation
Increase carbon dioxide exhalation
Increased rate of gas exchange
Diaphragm and intercostal work rate increases
Larger, deeper breathing
Increased cardiopulmonary blood circulation
What colour is unoxygenated vs oxygenated blood?
Blue - unoxygenated
Red - oxygenated
Is 'muscle fatigue' a chronic or acute adaptation to exercise?
Acute
Where is ATP/PC stored?
In the muscles
How many tarsals does a person have? (on one foot)
7
Where does gas exchange occur?
In the alveoli
What is vasodialation?
Veins dialating (opening up) to let more blood into the heart. It is an acute response to exercise.
List three chronic adaptations the muscular system experiences.
Any of these:
More efficient energy supplier***
Increase motor unit recruitment
Stronger tendons
Increased cardiac muscle size
Hypertrophy - increased muscle size
Increased pain threshold
Better at oxygen extraction
Faster recovery time
Which energy system lasts from 15-90 seconds? (both names)
Lactic/aerobic system
What does 'cep' mean in bicep, tricep and quadricep?
Head (two head, three head, four head)
What are the 2 main muscles names that contract and relax in the respiratory system?
Hint: one goes between the ribs...
Intercostal muscles and diaphragm
Veins
What type of muscle (smooth, skeletal, cardiac) are the intestines, and are they voluntary or involuntary?
Intestines are involuntary and they are smooth muscles.
What does ATP/PC stand for?
What is the agonist/ antagonist for hip flexion?
Agonist - ilipsoas (hip flexors)
Antagonist - gluteus maximus
Which lung is slightly smaller?
The left lung
(the right lung has three lobes and the left lung only has two)
What is the formula for the maximum heart rate a person can safely have their heart beating at?
220 - persons age
What are the most common chronic adaptations for a marathon runner?
Long distance runners work their heart and their lungs mostly. They are not always creating muscle tears because they are doing cardio exercise. A marathon runner will most likely have a bigger heart and lung because of heart muscle and lung hypertrophy. They will have a stronger diaphragm and intercostal muscles as well as stronger tendons and a better immune system. They will have a better gas exchange and a lower resting heart rate.
Which would be the dominant energy system when weight lifting?
ATP/PC
What is the anatomical term for the 'heel'?
Calcaneus
Where are your vocal chords found?
Larynx
What is the difference between cardiac output and stroke volume?
Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped through the left ventricle in one beat and cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped from the heart in one minute.
How does weight lifting lead to muscle hypertrophy?
Every time you exercise, you create small tears in your muscle fibres and after rest and recovery, these muscles grow back stronger with more capillaries which then leads to more efficient gas exchange.
What is the waste product of ATP/PC energy system?
Carbon dioxide