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Exam 1
Exam 2
Exam 3
Case Studies
Misc.
100
Only macronutrient that can be used in anaerobic metabolism?
What is carbohydrate (glucose)?
100
Explain Frank-Starling's law
Greater stretch of cardiac muscle, the greater the contraction.
100
Core temperature of 104 or higher is best sign of heat stroke. List the 3 ways to measure temperature and put them in order of accuracy.
Rectal, tympanic and sublingual.
100
During the 1st trimester, what is the biggest concern while mom is exercising?
What is poor thermoregulation due to dehydration?
100
What is primarily responsible for early strength gains (first 2-4 weeks)?
What are neurological adaptations?
200
What is RER and what causes it to go above 1?
What is respiratory exchange ratio? Goes above 1 when we are producing more CO2 than consuming O2 (bicarbonate buffering creates more CO2).
200
Most important variable that determines resistance to blood flow is?
What is radius (diameter of the vessel)?
200
What happens to O2 as altitude increases? Why?
What is a decrease in partial pressure of O2? Barometric pressure drops and therefore PO2 has to drop as well.
200
What should a good exercise program for an elderly person include?
What is strength, endurance & flexibility (balance training is acceptable as well)?
200
Explain the length-tension relationship of skeletal muscle.
What is a bell curve? Max force production when sarcomere is slightly stretched (90-120% resting length). Lose force production if too short or too long.
300
How many ATP is each NADH and FADH able to make?
NADH = 2.5 ATP FADH2 = 1.5 ATP
300
Name the 3 ways we increase venous return during exercise.
What are venoconstriction, muscle pump and respiratory pump?
300
The typical recreational athlete in the USA requires additional protein in their diet.
Not really (especially since the USA tends to consume high amounts of protein anyway).
300
What happens to resting metabolic rate with hypothyroidism?
Decreases due to lower levels of T3 and T4.
300
Describe force-velocity relationship for concentric and eccentric contractions.
Concentric: lift heavy loads slowly Eccentric: lower heavy loads fast
400
List at least 4 physiological adaptations that occur with long-term aerobic training which enhance aerobic metabolism.
Increased mito, increased aerobic enzymes, increased myoglobin, increased intramuscular fat stores, decrease cell size to enhance O2 diffusion, increased glycogen stores, increased hemoglobin, etc...
400
Define Dalton's law.
Total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of allthe individual gas pressures in the mixture.
400
Muscle glycogen is replenished most rapidly when carbs are consumed: before, immediately after, hours after exercise, it just doesn't matter!
What is immediately after?
400
Why does a young athlete with Type I diabetes have to worry about hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) during or after a workout?
Increased activity of Glut 4 transporter during exercise.
400
List the 4 physiological adaptations to training in the heat.
What are more dilute sweat (lose less electrolytes), increased plasma volume, increased sweat rate (sweat more) and earlier onset of sweating (start sweating at lower core temperature)?
500
How many net ATP are created outside of the ETC from 1 glucose molecule?
4 - Net 2 from glycolysis and 2 from Kreb's cycle
500
Describe a right shift in the O2 dissociation curve and list at least 2 things that happen during exercise that cause this shift.
Right shift decreases affinity between O2 and hemoglobin at higher PO2 levels. Increase temperature and decreased pH (or increased acidity).
500
Which hormone is the main regulator of plasma volume during exercise?
What is aldosterone?
500
Best way to improve VO2 max in a trained individual?
What is high-intensity interval training?
500
Describe how we alter force generation (i.e. picking up pencil vs. picking up a piano).
Recruit more motor units, recruit bigger motor units (ones that innervate more muscle fibers), increasing firing frequency of same motor unit (summation effect), etc...