Bioenergetics
What is the rate limiting enzyme in the ATP-PCr
Creatine Kinase
What is EPOC and why does it occur
EXTRA 50 if you know the difference between moderate and vigorous intensity effect on EPOC
Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption, it occurs because VO2 does not immediately drop to resting values so we continue to use more O2 than we usually would at rest
EXTRA:(Vigorous has larger EPOC)
What is considered the gold standard for body comp and why.
Bod Pod because it is the most accurate with the exception of DEXA however DEXA is extremely rare due to the fact that it is very expensive and you need very specific staff and housing for it.
What is the heat Index
Measure of body’s perception of how hot it feels, factors in humidity
What is the "open window"
time of increase risk of infection due to immune suppression from high intensity exercise
What is the rate limiting enzyme in Glycolysis
Phosphofructokinase
How long does it take to reach steady state.
1-4 minutes. Highly trained aerobic athletes will get there faster
Aerobically trained, low O2 deficit
High anaerobic capacity, high O2 deficit
What is the difference between a two, three, and four component model for measuring body comp
Four-component model
• Mineral, water, protein, and fat
• Best estimates of percent fat
Three-component model
• Body water, protein + mineral, and fat
• Body water + protein, mineral, and fat
• Accounts for variations in bone density or
body water
Two-component model
• Fat mass and fat-free mass
• Most commonly used method
What is the difference between acclimation and acclimatization
acclimation is a rapid adaptation to environmental change that takes place over days-weeks while acclimatization is over a long period of time weeks-months.
Define lactate threshold
The point right before the rate at which lactate is produced overwhelms the rate at which lactate is cleared
What is the total net of ATP produced from the breakdown of one molecule of glucose if everything goes perfect.
32
What is the O2 deficit
EXTRA 50 if you know the difference between O2 deficit between moderate and vigorous intensity
The time between starting exercise and reaching Steady state. Occurs because oxyegen uptake does not meet the increased energy need immediately, initial ATP production will come through anaerobic pathways.
EXTRA:(Vigorous intensity has much larger O2 deficit you will not reach steady state)
What are the five methods of measuring body composition we went over
Hydrostatic (underwater) weighing, Bod Pod system, Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), Skinfold thickness
Describe how energy output and heat production change in response to the room temperature.
They do not change
Describe the overall effect exercise has on the immune system.
moderate aerobic exercise provides a transient boost to immune system while high-intensity/long-duration exercise has been shown to have a temporary depressive effect on the immune system
How much ATP can be produce from one NADH molecule? One FADH molecule?
EXTRA 200 if you explain why
2.5
1.5
(For each pump visited 4 H+ are added to the gradient (third pump gets 2 taken) and it takes the energy of 4 H+ to make one ATP through the gradient.)
Explain the difference between muscle glycogen and plasma FFA as compared to plasma glucose and muscle triglycerides during the increase in exercise intensity. (In terms of % of total fuel source)
EXTRA 96 if you can explain the difference between muscle glycogen and plasma FFA as well
Muscle glycogen and plasma FFA fluctuate as intensity goes up while plasma glucose and muscle triglycerides stay relatively constant.
EXTRA:(Muscle glycogen increases with intensity while plasma FFA decreases)
What why would you use skin fold or BIA if they are not the gold standard.
Main draw of these is the portability. You can easily take these anywhere while the very accurate methods such as Bod Pod and DEXA the subject would have to come to it.
Why are acclimation and acclimatization important when talking about performance (what adaptations do you see)
When you acclimate to an environment within 15 days you can have decreased heart rate, plasma volume expansion, decreased perceived exertion, and a higher sweat rate as compared to if you exercise in that climate day one.
Name and describe the four methods of Heat loss
Radiation
◦ Transfer of heat via infrared rays
◦ 60% heat loss at rest
◦ Can be a method of heat gain
Conduction
◦ Heat loss due to contact with another surface
Convection
◦ Heat transferred to air or water
Evaporation
◦ Heat from skin converts water (sweat) to water vapo
What are the two carbs that can start glycolysis and how many ATP will result from each
glucose(2) glycogen(3)
Explain the crossover concept
EXTRA 100 points if you explain "Best exercise for burning fat" using the concept
Describes the shift from fat to carb
metabolism as exercise intensity increases
Using the concept at face value low intensity has the highest percentage of energy utilization coming from fat, however somewhere between 50-60% is more effective as the energy expenditure is so much higher so even though you may only be using 40% of the energy from fat it is still a higher total energy from fats
Explain why you would or would not use BMI
Not: never on an individual scale because it does not take into account muscle mass
Would: Easy to calculate for very large populations, overall good predictor for many health issues on a population scale
Describe the relationship between the room temperature and the rates of evaporative heat loss vs. convective and radiative heat loss
The hotter the room the more evaporative heat loss and less convective and radiative heat loss
What is the respiratory exchange ratio (RER or R) and what do the values mean. Range between .7-1
It is a calculation to estimate fuel utilization during
exercise with .7 meaning almost all your energy is coming from fat and 1 meaning almost all is coming from carbs, .85 would be the 50/50 split