The Nervous System
The gaps of exposed axon between myelinated segments are called?
Nodes of Ranvier
Is the left side of the heart responsible for pulmonary circulation? (T/F)
False
Does expiration decrease intrapulmonic pressure? (T/F)
False
What type of motor units are recruited first in normal conditions?
Slow-twitch motor units
What ion is responsible for depolarizing a neuron?
Sodium (Na⁺)
High-threshold motor units may be recruited before slow ones in high-velocity movements. (T/F)
True
Name one chronic cardiovascular adaptation to endurance training that does NOT occur.
Higher stroke volume, higher EDV, greater left ventricular wall thickness, increased mitochondrial density, higher plasma volume
What is the term for the pressure exerted by an individual gas in a mixture?
Partial Pressure
What happens to force production when a motor unit is more efficiently recruited?
Force production increases
During repolarization, which ion exits the cell?
Potassium (K⁺)
What is the first adaptation seen in training due to motor unit recruitment?
More efficient recruitment patterns of motor units
Which neurotransmitter causes vasoconstriction in peripheral blood vessels?
Norepinephrine
Which factor does not cause a rightward shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
Increase in pH
What type of contraction occurs when a muscle lengthens while producing force?
Eccentric contraction
What term describes a neuron becoming more negative than its resting potential?
Hyperpolarization
Which CNS structure receives proprioceptive input and coordinates movement?
Cerebellum
What mechanism explains how increased venous return enhances contraction force?
Frank-Starling Mechanism
Which structure is part of the respiratory zone?
Alveoli
Name a proprioceptor involved in detecting muscle stretch.
Muscle spindle
Which type of conduction occurs at the Nodes of Ranvier?
Saltatory conduction
What is the resting membrane potential and threshold of a neuron?
-70 mV and -55 mV
Which ECG wave represents ventricular relaxation/repolarization?
T Wave
What is the intensity point where both ventilatory equivalents of oxygen and carbon dioxide increase?
Respiratory Compensation Point (RCP)
Which muscle fiber type is most fatigue-resistant?
Type I (slow-twitch) fibers
What is the term for when an action potential cannot be generated, no matter the stimulus?
Absolute refractory period