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What is the most important characteristic of the scientific method?
Empiricism: The scientific method relies on empirical evidence, gathered through observation and experimentation, to formulate and test hypotheses.
Highly practiced activities become what according to cognitive psychology?
In cognitive psychology, highly practiced activities become automatic. This means that after extensive practice, tasks become so familiar that they can be performed with minimal conscious effort and attention. Examples include driving a familiar route or typing.
Know Bandura and his Bobo dolls results.
Albert Bandura conducted the Bobo doll experiment, demonstrating that children learn aggressive behaviors by observing adults' aggressive actions towards the doll. This supported his theory of observational learning and social-cognitive theory.
Be able to interpret correlational values.
Correlation coefficients (r) indicate the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables. It ranges from -1 to 1. Positive values indicate a positive correlation, negative values indicate a negative correlation, and 0 indicates no linear correlation.
Difference between tonic and phasic receptors?
Tonic Receptors: These respond to a constant stimulus at a relatively constant rate, such as pain receptors.
Phasic Receptors: These respond to changes in the stimulus, providing information about the rate of change. Examples include touch receptors that respond when an object comes in contact with the skin.
Define automaticity.
Automaticity refers to the ability to perform tasks or behaviors with little conscious effort, attention, or awareness. It is the result of extensive practice and repetition that leads to the efficient execution of well-learned tasks
What would Bandura say about observational learning and imitative behavior?
Bandura believed in observational learning, where individuals learn by observing and imitating others. He argued that people can learn new behaviors and responses simply by watching others' experiences and the consequences of their actions.
What is Type I error? Type II error?
Agonist vs. antagonist.
What happens when a person is exposed to a novel stimulus?
When a person is exposed to a novel stimulus, it triggers a cognitive process called novelty detection. This involves the brain detecting and processing new or unfamiliar stimuli, which can lead to heightened attention and engagement.
Know Miller and Dollards theory related to observational learning.
Miller and Dollard's theory of observational learning builds on Bandura's work. They emphasized that observing others' behaviors can lead to imitation if the observer perceives a reward for that behavior, and if the observer believes they can perform the behavior successfully.
know sampling and population.
Know Gestalt psychology and their beliefs about pattern recognition.
Gestalt psychology emphasized that perception involves organizing sensory information into meaningful patterns. They believed that the whole perception is more than the sum of its individual parts, and our brain naturally seeks to perceive objects as unified wholes rather than isolated elements.
Know reinforcement schedules.
Reinforcement schedules determine when and how often reinforcement is given. They include:
Know T-test. Calculating degrees of freedom for a t-test based on sample size.
Frontal Lobe: Responsible for decision-making, problem-solving, and personality. Contains the prefrontal cortex.
Parietal Lobe: Processes sensory information, including touch and spatial awareness.
Temporal Lobe: Involved in auditory processing, language, and memory. Contains the hippocampus.
Occipital Lobe: Primarily responsible for visual processing.
Basic structures include the cerebral cortex (outer layer), thalamus (relay center), hypothalamus (regulates bodily functions), and the brainstem (controls essential functions like breathing).
What is implicit memory?
Implicit memory is a type of long-term memory that involves the unconscious influence of prior experiences on current behaviors or thoughts. It's demonstrated when previous experiences enhance performance on tasks or influence behavior without conscious awareness.
What is forward conditioning?
Forward conditioning is a type of classical conditioning where the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented before the unconditioned stimulus (US), resulting in the association of the CS with the US.
These explanations should give you a solid understanding of the concepts and theories you asked about.