CHAPTER 5
What is the levels of processing approach?
Deeper processing of material leads to higher memory accuracy, meaning that you are more likely to remember as opposed to shallow processing.
What is an example of perspective memory?
Perspective memory: memory for future planned events.
* what do I need to do in the future?
Example: remembering that I need to pick up dog food on my way back from work.
what is an example of the symmetry heuristic?
Symmetry Heuristic: we perceive shapes or objects as more symmetrical than they really are.
For example, you are trying to draw a map and you generally represented as more even or symmetrical than it really is.
Student example: you visualize Washington as more of a square than it really is.
what is an example of boundary extension
you see an image of an incomplete object, but your brain extends the boundary an stores a complete object.
For example, you are shown a photo of a trash can that is cut in half, when you are asked to draw the trash can after a while, you draw a full trashcan instead of only the half you had seen before.
What is an example of procedural memory?
Procedural memory: stores information on how to do something.
Example: ride a bike, make spaghetti.
What is mood-congruence
it is easier to recall information that is congruent with your mood
What is mood - congruent?
refers to the concept that people have an easier time recall information that is congruent with their mood.
For example: a person with depressions is more likely to remember words such as pain and sadness.
Supposed that you have a mental image of your favorite animal, if that image is store in a propositional code the representation would emphasize what?
you would think of a spoken (language) description as opposed to a picture of your favorite animal.
What does it mean if a category has a graded structure?
Graded structure: the members of a category are not all specifically constructed.
For example: in the case of vehicles we think as a car as the most prototypical, and then we move on to more general examples, until we reach other examples such as wheelchairs that are non-prototypical.
* Think about the prototypical approach
What is an inference?
conclusions and logical implication that people make, even if they were never directly stated by the stimulus.
Connections that we make
What is an example of source monitoring?
Source monitoring: I have this information stored, where did I get it from?
Example: you remember the definition of source monitoring, but did you learn it from the class book or the quizlet?
what is the total time hypothesis?
Your score on a memory task is related to the amount of time you spent learning the material.
If you spent a short amount of time you will get a low score, and if you spend a long time you will score higher.
What is an example of demand characteristics?
Participants in an experiment are able to guess what the researchers hypothesis is, and behave in ways that would guarantee the researchers expected results.
Example, you are in a waiting room and guess that the researcher might be testing how social correctness. Therefore, you are super polite to others.
What is the pragmatic view of memory?
People typically pay attention to the gist of the story (main point), however if they realize that exact wording is important they will emphasize verbatim memory ( word for word recall)
* easier to remember stuff that is closely related to you.
When are people more likely to remember schema-inconsistent material?
You are more likely to remember schema-inconsistent material when it is memorable, vivid, or surprising.
tell me about the post event misinformation effect and how it can occur?
Post event misinformation: refers to the concept that the information you receive after an event can alter your memory of the actual event that you witnessed.
Ex: You are a party and suddenly a fire breaks out, you watch as the police shows up, the fire truck, ambulances, and so forth. In the next few days, you see information about the incident on social media, the news, and word of mouth from your friends. After all of this your memory of the events starts deviate from original memory of the event and distort with the new information you receive after the event.
what is foresight bias?
When people are overconfident that they will score well in an exam, as they estimate their scores when they are currently studying.
What were the results of the Shepard & Metzler (1971) study?
- Shepard & Metzler (1971) conducted a study in which they asked participants to judge wether pairs of 1,600 figures where the same after conducting a mental rotation of the figure. Participants where judge based on how long it took for them to pull the right lever if the pair was the same or the left lever if it was not. Results showed, that people take longer to decide if the pair is the same if they need to conduct great mental rotations regardless of wether the figure is 2d or 3d.
what is an example of the semantic priming effect?
If you had been discussing basketball with your friends, you would be immediately answer a questions about sport as oppose to someone randomly asking you about cognitive psychology.
What does the research on practice and memory improvement demonstrate.
If we study over extended periods of time we will have better recall of the information we are studying as opposed to cramming the night before an exam.
You learned about the controversy regarding recovered memory and false memory explain both sides.
Memories regarding, sexual abuse by a parents/ guardian or trusted adult.
Recovered memory: Childhood sexual abuse, that is so traumatic that people forget the events in a way that it is pushed out of their memory (subconscious). Years or decades laters this memories can comeback at once or in pieces.
False memory: people seeking treatment might have received false memories due to the treatments being used at the time. Some of the techniques that they used included guided imagery and hypnosis. The problem is that therapist used suggestive information that might have created post-event misinformation.
How is the tip-of-the-tongue effect related to metacognition?
Metacognition: is how we think about our own cognitive processes.
When people report tip-of-the-tongue effect, they accurately assess that they are closed to identify the missing word. This effect is connected to metacognition, as people tend to report an uncomfortable feeling that the word is almost there although they cannot speak yet, and by doing that they analyze their cognition.
Chapter 7 discussed meta-analysis that focuses on gender perceptions focusing on mental abilities what typically has the largest gender differences.
Meta - analysis: research study that includes the data from lots of different studies.
- Spatial abilities such as mental rotation, is one of those abilities that shows gender differences across studies.
What is the current status of the parallel distribution processing approach (PDP) ?
the parallel distribution processing approach, account for processes that occur simultaneously. But, it feels to account for those cognitive processes that fall under the serial processing approach (step-by-step)
What is graceful degradation and provide an example?
Def: the brain's ability to provide partial information (you got some info but not all of it).
example: You meet someone and you can recall their face and their name, but not where you meet them