You want to study the effects of regular exercise on a persons heart rate you measure the heart rate of a person at rest and again after jogging in place for 5 min. The control group is students who are not on a school athletic team. The experimental group is students who are on a school athletic team. Observational or Experimental.
What is Observational
Use 1 random sample drawn once from a population
What is Cross-Sectional Sample Survey
The people or objects included in the study
individuals
The sampling process systematically leaves out or
under-represent parts of the population.
What is Undercoverage
Group where nothing changes. The normal exposure or no exposure to the independent variable is given to the samples in this group. This is the baseline measurement
What is Control Group
completely open to anyone who wants to participate and fundamentally biased and open to manipulation
ex: write-ins, ratings (amazon, imdb, yelp), (re)twits, bots, etc
What are volunteer response sampling
Selecting a set of easily accessible individuals which are representative of similar individuals, but not the whole population
What is convenience sampling
Biased or leading questions, complicated/ confusing statements can influence survey results.
What is Wording Effect
An explanatory variable and is not affected by the experiment
What is Independent variable.
An observational study using 2 distinct random samples of individuals differing by some feature
Individuals with the feature of interest are cases; those without are controls
What is Case Control
When some people choose not to answer/participate
What is Non-response
Fancy term for lying or forgetting (especially on sensitive/personal issues). Can be exacerbated by survey method (in person vs. by phone or online).
What is Response Bias
A variable that is manipulated by the factor and measured.
What is a Dependent variable
The imposed conditions are compared on pairs/sets of RELATED (even identical) individuals
What is Matched Pairs
Equalizes the effect of unknown or uncontrollable sources of variation
What is Randomization
occurs when subjects respond positively to a “treatment” even though it is only a placebo simply because they think they are getting the real treatment
What is the placebo effect
Very personal case(s) with unique circumstances and not representative of anyone else
What is anecdotal evidence