What is an Experiment?
This type of study involves researchers actively changing something to see its effect.
What is an experimental study?
This process assigns people to groups by chance.
What is randomization?
Experimental studies are especially good at showing what type of relationship?
What is cause and effect/ exposure and outcome
If people drop out of a study over time, what is this called?
Loss to follow up
The goal of the housing intervention was to reduce children’s exposure to what specific harmful group of substances.
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs)
In the study, researchers changed housing conditions to reduce chemical exposure. What is this change and decision called?
What is an intervention?
What is the point of randomization and what does it help to reduce?
What is bias or confounding variables
Bias is reduced in a study when what process is used to make sure participants, invesitgators, and data collectors are unaware of treatment status?
What is Blinding
Some experiments can’t control all real-world exposures, like chemicals from food or air. This is a limitation because of what?
Confounding Variables
Who is John Snow
Participants are split into different groups to compare outcomes. What are these two groups called?
What are control and treatment groups?
Without randomization of groups, researchers might accidentally put healthier people in one group and unhealthy people in another. This is called what type of bias?
What is selection bias?
What does a p-value mean for a study, and is a small p-value better, or a large one?
Determines the probability that the observed association arose just by chance. Small p-value
If a chosen study group is not very diverse, results may not be all-encompassing and apply to everyone. What is this called?
Low generalizability/ external validity
What is the name of the famous psychological experimental study done where college students were put into a simulated prison?
What is the Stanford Prison Experiment
This type of study is considered one of the best for testing cause and effect.
What is a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?
What is it called when randomization is performed at a group level when participants are placed into groups within things like villages, schools, and towns?
What is cluster randomization
Keeping conditions the same across groups except for the intervention improves what type of validity in a study?
What is internal validity
If participants don’t fully follow the rules of a study (like moving homes), it can weaken the results. What is this issue called?
Non-compliance
What is the name of the red-haired science teacher in The Magic School Bus
Who is Miss Frizzle