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Variables
Experiments
Observational Studies
Experimental Design
Influential Factors
100

This is accomplished by making all conditions, besides the independent variable (the variable being tested), as similar as possible for all treatment groups

randomization or control

100
The specimen on which an experiment is being performed on (e.g. humans (usually called subjects), rats, plants, etc)
What is an experimental unit?
100
Used to identify important variables related to the outcome of interest In observational studies, researchers do not assign choices; the just observe them. No experimentation
What is an observational study?
100

These are the four principles of experimental design.

What are control randomize compare replicate (block)

100
All participants in a study are not told their treatment.
What is single blinding?
200
group where nothing changes. The normal exposure or no exposure to the independent variable is given to the samples in this group. This is the baseline measurement
What is a control group?
200
The specific values that the experimenter chooses for a factor
What are levels?
200
Researchers first identify subjects, observed, then collected data. It is based on historical data and is prone to error
What is retrospective study?
200
It is done by grouping similar individuals together and then randomizing within these groups.
What is blocking?
200
When researchers and subjects are unaware of the treatments that subjects are recieving.
What is double-blinding?
300
Independent variable. An explanatory variable and is not affected by the experiment
What is a factor?
300
The combination of specific levels from all factors that an experimental unit receives
What are treatments?
300

An observation study cannot prove this

What is cause and effect?

300
Pair up individuals that have similar characteristics except for the explanatory variable together for an experiment.

What is Matched Pair Design?

300
a "fake" treatment that looks just like the treatmnets being tested.
What is a placebo?
400
A variable that is manipulated by the factor and measured. Dependent variable.
What is a reponse?
400
A study in one attempts to find evidence of a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables.
What is an experiment?
400
researchers identify subjects and collect data as events unfold
What is prospective study?
400
Equalizes the effect of unknown or uncontrollable sources of variation
What is randomization?
400
Occurence of results are most likely not by chance and the difference is big enough as to not be influenced by randomness alone.
What is statistical significance?
500
A variable that may be the cause in variation of a response rather than the intended variable which is the independent variable
What is a confounding variable?
500

The way in which subjects are placed into a group. Ideally, this should be done with as least bias and with scattered distribution of all subjects in order to obtain accurate and reliable results

What is random assignment?

500

all studies and experiments have these two variables.

What are response and explanatory?

500

Randomization occurs only in the each section and results in two parallel experiments.

What is randomized block design?

500
Occurs when subjects respond positively to a “treatment” even though it is only a placebo simply because they think they are getting the real treatment
What is the placebo effect?