Chapter 1
Which of the following is the correct definition of 1 MET?
A. 1 L of O₂ per hour
B. 3.5 mL O₂/kg/min
C. 1 kcal/min
D. 1 kcal/kg/day
B. 3.5 mL O₂/kg/min
What is the function of heat shock proteins (HSPs) during exercise?
A. Raise body temperature
B. Promote glucose uptake
C. Repair damaged proteins
D. Increase blood pH
C. Repair damaged proteins
Which molecule is the primary energy currency of the cell?
A. Glucose
B. Pyruvate
C. ATP
D. NADH
C. ATP
*** Double Points***
What is the term for the elevated oxygen consumption after exercise has stopped?
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
Which glucose transporter is primarily responsible for increased glucose uptake into skeletal muscle during exercise and after insulin stimulation?
A. GLUT1
B. SGLT2
C. GLUT3
D. GLUT4
D. GLUT4
What is the correct formula to calculate work?
A. Power × Time
B. Mass × Distance
C. Force × Distance
D. Speed × Time
C. Force × Distance
Which system typically has a high “gain,” meaning it tightly regulates internal conditions?
A. Muscular
B. Pulmonary
C. Digestive
D. Skeletal
B. Pulmonary
What is the net ATP gain from one molecule of glucose through glycolysis alone?
A. 1 ATP
B. 2 ATP
C. 4 ATP
D. 6 ATP
B. 2 ATP
Which energy system is the primary contributor during the first 5–15 seconds of high-intensity exercise?
A. Aerobic metabolism
B. Glycolysis
C. ATP-PC system
D. Fat oxidation
C. ATP-PC system
During prolonged, moderate-intensity exercise, what change occurs in insulin and glucagon levels?
A. Insulin increases, glucagon decreases
B. Both insulin and glucagon decrease
C. Insulin decreases, glucagon increases
D. No change in either hormone
C. Insulin decreases, glucagon increases
*** Double Points***
If a person has a VO₂ of 2.5 L/min, how many kcal do they burn per minute?
A. 6.0 kcal
B. 8.0 kcal
C. 10.5 kcal
D. 12.5 kcal
D. 12.5 kcal
Which type of cell signaling occurs when a messenger acts on the same cell that produced it?
A. Paracrine
B. Juxtacrine
C. Intracrine
D. Autocrine
D. Autocrine
Which process produces Acetyl-CoA from fatty acids for entry into the Krebs cycle?
A. Glycolysis
B. Beta-oxidation
C. Gluconeogenesis
D. Deamination
B. Beta-oxidation
What does a Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) of 0.70 indicate?
A. 100% carbohydrate metabolism
B. 100% fat metabolism
C. Protein is the main fuel
D. Anaerobic threshold reached
B. 100% fat metabolism
Which of the following mechanisms explains how cortisol helps maintain blood glucose during prolonged exercise?
A. Stimulates GLUT4 translocation into working muscle
B. Promotes insulin secretion to enhance glucose uptake
C. Enhances glycogen storage in non-working tissues
D. Increases gluconeogenesis and blocks glucose entry into cells
D. Increases gluconeogenesis and blocks glucose entry into cells
How is power defined in SI units?
A. Newtons × Distance
B. Work ÷ Time
C. Joules × Seconds
D. Kilocalories ÷ Time
B. Work ÷ Time
Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback mechanism?
A. Release of oxytocin intensifies uterine contractions during childbirth
B. Elevated body temperature triggers sweating to cool the body
C. Platelet release amplifies clotting at the site of injury
D. Stretch of the cervix enhances further oxytocin release
B. Elevated body temperature triggers sweating to cool the body
What happens to NADH after it donates electrons in the mitochondria?
A. It becomes FAD
B. It is broken down into CO₂
C. It is reduced to NAD⁺
D. It is oxidized back to NAD⁺
D. It is oxidized back to NAD⁺
Which of the following contributes to the slow component of EPOC?
A. Replenishment of oxygen in hemoglobin
B. Restoration of phosphocreatine (PC)
C. Conversion of lactate to glucose
D. Refilling the lungs with oxygen
C. Conversion of lactate to glucose
Which of the following correctly describes the effect of endurance training on the catecholamine response to the same absolute exercise intensity?
A. Increases plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine
B. Blunts plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine
C. Prevents their secretion altogether
D. No effect on catecholamine response
B. Blunts plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine
What is the MET value of an activity requiring a VO₂ of 35 mL/kg/min?
A. 5
B. 7
C. 10
D. 12
C. 10
*** Double Points***
In Type 1 diabetes, which part of the biological control loop fails?
A. Sensor
B. Control center
C. Effector
D. Hormone receptor
C. Effector
*** Double Points***
Which of the following correctly matches an energy system with its rate-limiting enzyme?
A. Glycolysis – Creatine kinase
B. Krebs cycle – Citrate synthase
C. Electron transport chain – Cytochrome oxidase
D. ATP-PC system – Phosphofructokinase
C. Electron transport chain – Cytochrome oxidase
What is the main role of the Cori Cycle during exercise recovery?
A. Convert lactate to glucose in the liver
B. Shuttle NADH into mitochondria
C. Transport oxygen to working muscles
D. Convert lactic acid to ATP in muscle
A. Convert lactate to glucose in the liver
*** Double Points***
What happens to free fatty acid (FFA) mobilization during heavy exercise, despite hormonal stimulation?
A. It increases linearly with intensity
B. It stops completely due to insulin suppression
C. It decreases, possibly due to low albumin and high lactic acid
D. It is unaffected and remains constant
C. It decreases, possibly due to low albumin and high lactic acid