Diseases of the Eye
what is cataracts?
the progressive clouding of the eye, making it hard to see images clearly
what are the 2 types of glaucoma and the main differences?
open-angle: chronic, gradually progressive loss of vision
angle-closure: rapid, permanent vision loss if untreated, intermittent episodes
- episodes can be associated with high emotions, darkness or meds that cause pupils to dilate
diagnostic tests for cataracts, glaucoma and AMD
cataracts: history, dilated eye exam, snellen chart
AMD: vision exams, amsler grid, pupil dilation, fluorescein angiogram, optical coherence tomography
glaucoma: tonometry, funduscopy, gonioscopy, visual field testing
prevention for eye injuries
protective eyewear and UV protection
what is a detached retina and common manifestations?
separation of retina from choroid
manifestation: myopia, aphakia (absence of lens), increasing loss of vision, floaters, spots, lines and flashes of light
what is glaucoma?
damage to the optic nerved caused by increased intra-optical pressure
glaucoma risk factors and prevention
Risk Factors: Asian, African Americans and Hispanics, family hx, long-term steroid use, eye trauma
Prevention: eye drops for people at risk, regular eye exams, exercise, healthy diet, prevent excess sun exposure, refrain from smoking
pharm therapy/surgery for cataracts, glaucoma, AMD
cataracts: none, surgical removal is only treatment
glaucoma: topical beta blocker, prostaglandin analogs, alpha-adrenergic agonists, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
AMD: angiogenic inhibitors, laser surgery, photodynamic therapy
corneal abrasion symptoms and treatment
symptoms: photophobia, tearing
treatment: antibiotic ointment, eye patch
diagnostic tests
facial x-rays, CT scan, ultrasonography
what is age-related macular degeneration?
degeneration of the center area of the retina
open-angle, angle-closure and acute angle-closure
open-angle: no symptoms, blank spots in visual field
angle-closure: intermittent pain, photophobia
acute angle-closure: severe eye and face pain, malaise, nausea, vomiting, decrease in visual acuity
can pregnant women with glaucoma take meds?
no, they have adverse effects on fetus
argon laser trabeculoplasty typically done
burns symptoms and treatment and types
types: heat, radiation, explosion, chemical
symptoms: eye pain, reddened conjunctiva, edematous eyelids, cloudy cornea
treatment: flush with copious amounts of NS
for coreneal abrasion, how long should you keep the eye patch on for?
24 hours
what are some signs and symptoms of cataracts?
blurred vision, changes in ability to see color, glare, halos around lights, white or cloudy pupil
risk factors (non-modifiable and modifiable) and prevention
non-modifiable: aging, caucasian, blue eyes, family hx, females
modifiable: smoking, obesity, poor cardiovascular health, excess UV exposure, heavy alcohol consumption
prevention: no smoking, reduce UV exposure
what are some assistive devices pts. with eye diseases can use?
penetrating trauma manifestations and treatment
manifestations: pain, possible bleeding, partial or complete vision loss
treatment: don't remove object, stabilize, antibiotics, eye patch, potential surgery, immobilize object with paper cup
what area of the eye do you put the eye drop into?
the lower conjunctival sac
catracts risk factors and prevention
risk factors: aging, environmental, sun exposure, smoking, drinking, eye trauma, congenital, toxicity, radiation, diabetes, steroids, dilantin, thorazine
prevention: not smoking, not drinking heavily, wearing protective eyewear, diet with vitamin C & E, lutein and zeaxanthin
clinical manifestations of age related macular degeneration
blurred vision, blind spots in visual field, colors less bright, difficulty adjusting from dark to bright situations, difficulty recognizing faces
risk factors for eye injuries
sports, BB guns, burns, physical irritants, abuse, paintball
blunt trauma manifestations
hyphema, bleeding into the anterior chamber, eye pain, decreased acuity, diplopia, enophthalmos
true or false: patients should blink repeatedly and rub eyes after putting in eye drops
false