Autonomic Nervous System
This is when the sympathetic nervous system is activated.
Physical & emotional stress.
- 4 Es: Exercise, embarrassment, excitement, & emergency
This is where the optic nerve exits the eye.
The changing of shape of the lens is called _______.
Accommodation
This contains hair cells for hearing.
Spiral organ of cochlea
Pathogens travel up the eustachian tube from the nasopharynx to the middle ear.
Otitis media
Sympathetic; sweat glands, arrector pili muscles, kidneys, blood vessels, & adrenal gland only have sympathetic innervation
This area provides us the ability to see fine details.
Central fovea
These 2 structures are clear, avascular, & help focus light onto the retina.
Cornea & lens
This bone articulates with the incus & attaches directly to the tympanic membrane.
Malleus
Lens becomes yellow.
Cataracts
Describe the difference between the motor & sensory division of the ANS. (give examples)
Sensory: receive input from CNS
- Feelings of fullness
- Blood pressure
Motor: motor neurons carry impulses to smooth muscle.
- Uterus, sweat glands, cardiac muscle, bladder
This is what secretes aqueous humor.
Describe why the choroid is dark. (purpose & function)
It contains melanocytes that produce melanin, which helps to absorb stray light rays to make image formation clearer on the retina.
These 2 structures contain receptors for equilibrium.
Vestibule & semicircular canals.
Fluid accumulates between the layers of the retina, causing photoreceptors to die.
Detached retina
This is the neurotransmitter that the parasympathetic nervous system secretes.
Acetylcholine
This is the main function of the iris.
To regulate the amount of light entering the eye by changing the diameter of the pupil.
How do photoreceptors detect light & help form images?
Photons strike the retinal portion of rhodopsin, which is located in the disc of an outer segment of a rod or cone; this then activates opsin.
This connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx.
Eustachian/auditory tube
Degenerative disorder of the retina that obscures straight-ahead vision; it is usually tied to age & smoking.
Macular degeneration
Pupils dilate, metabolism increases, blood pressure & heart rate increase, respiratory rate increase as airways dilate, sweat glands activate, & blood vessels leading to the digestive tract & kidneys constrict.
This structure holds the retina in place against the choroid & does not undergo continuous replacement.
Vitreous humor
Name the 3 layers of the neural layer of the retina in the order that light passes through them.
Ganglion layer (forms optic nerve, carries info to brain), bipolar layer (neurons to relay info between layers), & photoreceptor layer (contains rods & cones).
- Nerve impulse is flipped
A delicate network of fluid-filled tubes containing receptors for the internal ear & endolymph.
Membranous labyrinth
Aqueous humor accumulates in the anterior cavity, causing high intraocular pressure & compressing the vitreous body.
Glaucoma