Murmur
What is an Innocent Murmur?
(S) 2nd - 4th interspace, LLCB to apex, (C) variable; often C/D, (R) little to none, (I) low to medium, (P) low to medium, (T) early to mid-systolic
What is a physiologic murmur?
This causes a loud harsh, holosystolic murmur at the left sternal border and left to right shunting that may be urgent.
What is ventral septal defect (VSD)?
What is the S1 sound?
the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle in 1 minutes
What is cardiac output?
What is atrial septal defect (ASD)?
(S) left 2nd interspace, (C) harsh machine-like and continuous, (R) left clavicle, (I) usually loud, 3-6 thrill possible, (P) medium,(T) systole and diastole "to and from".
What is patent Ductus Arteriosus?
(S) mitral apex, tricuspid LLSB, (C) hard/blowing, plateau, (R) mitral left axilla, tricuspid to right of sternum, (I) variable, can involve a thrill, (P) medium to high (mitral louder), (T) holosystolic
What is mitral or tricuspid regurgitation?
Valve does not fully close and allow blood to flow in a retrograde direction or leak backwards
What is regurgitation (insufficiency)?
Vascular resistance/pressure the heart must work against to eject blood during systole
What is afterload?
(S) apex, (C) rumbling; decrescendo, (R) none, (I) grade 1-4, (P) low, (T) mid to late diastole. Often associated with an opening snap.
What is mitral stenosis?
What is pulmonic stenosis?
(S) 2, 3, 4 left interspace, may be diffuse, (C) harsh, plateau, (R) widespread, heard across precordium, (I) loud, 3-6 thrill possible, (P) high, (T) holosystolic
What is ventricular septal defect?
high pitched associated with opening of semilunar valves and indicative of disease
What is ejection sounds?
This part of an EKG is when the ventricles are depolarizing.
What is the QRS portion of an EKG?
(S) 3rd and 4th interspace, (C) hard, C/D, (R) down left sternal border to apex, (I) variable, (P) medium/high, (T) systolic
What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
(S) apex, (C) followed by MR murmur, (R) maybe axilla, (P) high pitched, mid systolic click, (T) mid systole. Floppy valve cusps of valve leaflet prolapse in LA. More common in women, also seen in connective tissue disease.
What is mitral valve prolapse?
What is aortic stenosis (AS)?
early diastolic sound, associated with calcified valve and mitral stenosis.
What is opening snaps?
Hypertension, CAD, Heart Failure, DM, Hyperlipidemia, Valvular disease, and PVD
What are PMH risk factors?
(S) 2nd - 4th interspace, (C) blowing, decrescendo, (R) apex, (I) grade 1-4, (P) high, (T) early to mid-diastole
What is aortic regurgitation?
A defect between the pulmonary artery and the aorta and a machine-like murmur that is heard best at the left sternal board. NSAID treatment.
What is patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?
(S) variable; usually best at left 3rd interspace, (C) scratchy; scraping, (I) variable may increases with leaning forward/exhalation, (P) high, (T) may have systolic and diastolic components. Often heard in pericarditis and Dressler's syndrome
What is precordial friction rub?
Caused by mitral valve prolapse and is due to abnormal ballooning of MV in the LA. Associated with late murmur of MR
What is systolic clicks?
Diastolic heart failure, longstanding systolic heart failure, tension pneumonia, lung congestion, constrictive disease, and valvular disease
What are conditions that can cause increased preload?