Chapter 2
This is a computerized database of child speech transcripts.
What is CHILDES?
A language learning situation in which the majority language is learned at the expense of the native language of minority language speakers.
What is subtractive bilingualism?
This is a comparison of the linguistic structures of two or more languages to determine their similarities and differences.
What is contrastive analysis?
Thomlin & Villa’s theory of attention includes three attentional process: alertness, orientation, and this.
What is detection?
(cognitive recognition of sensory stimulus)
In the Soto - Corominas study, these were conducted in order to collect data from participants:
What are questionnaires/ standardized tests?
The use of a rule or structure in contexts in which it is not appropriate; for example, “I hurted my arm.”
What is overgeneralization?
This is a form of bilingual education in which students are taught through the medium of a second language, along with some instruction through their L1.
What is immersion education?
This term refers to instances of phonological, lexical, grammatical, or other aspects of transfer from one language to another
What is cross linguistic influence?
This precedes automatic processing and characterizes new skill learning. “It is comparatively slow and effortful, and is limited by short-term memory constraints”
What is controlled processing?
In the Munro Derwing study, the authors determined which of the following by having linguistics students listen to the English Language Learners vowel productions?
What is the extent that untrained listeners can detect improvements in L2 learners’ speech over time?
What is interjudge reliability?
What is measuring how close the L2 learners’ vowel productions are to native speakers’ productions?
What is the extent that untrained listeners can detect improvements in L2 learners’ speech over time?
Phrases that learners learn and use as a whole unit, without analyzing into individual units (e.g., “How are you?” used as a single unit).
What are formulaic sequences?
This describes language education in which children who are native speakers from each of the target language communities both majority and minority speakers share a classroom
What is dual language instruction?
This is the monitor model hypothesis stipulating that language elements are acquired in an essentially fixed, pre-determined order.
What is the natural order hypothesis?
This hypothesis proposed by Schmidt (1995) “states that what learners notice in the input is what becomes intake for learning.”
What is the noticing hypothesis?
In the Zappa Hollman & Duff, the authors use this to conceptualize the social networks of participants.
What are Individual Networks of Practice?
The understanding that an infant gains during the latter part of the first year that objects continue to exist even though they may no longer be visible.
What is object permanence?
This describes a language learning situation in which learning a second language is not at the expense of the development of the L1; both languages are supported and valued
What is additive bilingualism?
In an information processing view this occurs when a skill becomes practived and can be carried out relatively rapidly and without conscious effort or short-term memory limitations.
What is automatic processing?
This term refers to knowledge which has been acquired without metalinguistic awareness.
What is implicit knowledge?
In the Shepens et al study, the authors analyze speakers’ scores on a state administered exam to estimate how much of the variance in subsequent language speaking proficiency is due to this.
What is the learner’s first language background?
Theoretical view proposing that language is learned through exposure to input allowing the construction of associations among units, i.e., sound sequences, words, sentence patterns, etc
What is connectionism?
This refers to a language acquired by individuals raised in homes where a dominant language in the larger society such as English in the US, is not spoken or is not exclusively spoken.
What is a heritage language?
Swain (1985) proposed this hypothesis that says having to produce the L2 encourages the learner to attend to the language and thereby improve proficiency
What is the Comprehensible Output Hypothesis?
In the Competition model, the range of cues is universal, but this is language specific.
What is how the cues are used for interpretation?
In the Valdes paper about the L1/L2 continuum, the author explains that two languages are said to be this “when they are used alternately by the same speakers to engage in communication”.
What is “in contact”