Historical Development of Migration Policy
This 1974 decree under President Marcos formally promoted overseas employment and institutionalized labor export policy.
The 1974 Labor Code (Presidential Decree No. 442)
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This 1991 event led to the repatriation of approximately 30,000 Filipino workers, mainly from Kuwait.
The 1991 Gulf War
This dilemma asks whether the Philippines should send workers abroad again or absorb them into the domestic labor market.
Re-deployment versus re-integration
These two agencies were originally tasked with implementing overseas employment policy before being replaced by POEA.
Overseas Employment Development Board (OEDB) and National Seamen Board (NSB)
In 1997, for the first time, Filipino deployment to this region surpassed deployment to the Middle East.
Asia
This policy concept under RA 8042 requires agencies to reveal true wages and working conditions, leaving negotiation to private agreement.
Full disclosure policy
This 1995 law declared that overseas labor should not be used as a tool for development and emphasized worker protection.
Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995 (Republic Act No. 8042)
This 1995 execution of a Filipina domestic worker in Singapore led to a 13% decline in deployment.
The execution of Flor Contemplación
Back to Zero
This practice — where the contract signed abroad differs from the one filed with POEA — is considered a violation but remains common.
Contract substitution
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In 1982, this agency replaced the OEDB and NSB to centralize overseas employment functions.
Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA)
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Since 1991, this type of worker steadily decreased while contract renewals increased.
First-time (newly hired) overseas workers
RA 8042 mandated this center to facilitate reintegration of returning migrants.
Replacement and Monitoring Center
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This 1997 department order allowed agencies to charge workers one month’s salary as placement fee.
The one-month placement fee policy (allowing agencies to charge workers one month’s salary)
In 1997, remittances reached this approximate amount (in US dollars), reflecting a major surge.
Approximately US$5.7 billion (US$5,741,835,000)
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Battistella argues that migration policy remains limited because migration is transnational, while policy remains at this level.
The national level (national policy framework)
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