Infections and Immunity
This is the first antibody produced in a primary immune response.
What is IgM?
This syndrome results from excess cortisol production.
What is Cushing syndrome?
Failure of this embryologic structure to properly close results in spina bifida occulta.
What is the neural tube (specifically caudal neuropore)?
This is the main pacemaker of the heart.
What is the SA node?
This muscle, essential for breathing, develops from the septum transversum.
What is the diaphragm?
Antigen presenting cells present antigen via what to activate CD4+ T cells.
what is MHCII
This hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.
What is ADH (vasopressin)?
This embryologic process is responsible for the formation of long bones such as the femur.
What is endochondral ossification?
This law describes the relationship between pressure, flow, and resistance.
What is Ohm’s law (Flow = Pressure / Resistance)?
This type of cells in the alveoli produce surfactant.
What are type II pneumocytes?
This complement pathway is activated directly by microbial surfaces without antibodies.
What is the alternative pathway?
This clotting factor is deficient in Hemophilia A.
What is Factor VIII?
This vitamin deficiency causes rickets in children.
What is Vitamin D?
This condition involves thickening of the ventricular wall due to chronic pressure overload.
What is hypertrophy (e.g., left ventricular hypertrophy)?
This hormone increases sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron.
What is aldosterone?
A deficiency in this immune structure leads to recurrent infections with encapsulated organisms.
This anticoagulant works by activating antithrombin III.
What is heparin?
This embryologic structure gives rise to skeletal muscle of the limbs and trunk.
What is the paraxial mesoderm (somites → myotome)?
Failure of this embryologic structure to close results in a persistent connection between the pulmonary artery and aorta after birth.
What is the ductus arteriosus?
This measures the volume of air exhaled in the first second of forced expiration.
What is FEV1?
A 67-year-old man with a history of COPD presents with fever, confusion, and diarrhea. Chest X-ray shows patchy infiltrates. Laboratory studies reveal hyponatremia. Sputum Gram stain shows many neutrophils but no visible organisms. The organism is later identified by growth on buffered charcoal yeast extract (BCYE) agar.
Which organism is the most likely cause of this patient’s illness?
What is Legionella pneumophila?
This oncogene is commonly activated in many cancers and codes for a GTP-binding protein.
What is RAS?
This autoimmune disease is characterized by antibodies against desmogleins in the skin.
What is pemphigus vulgaris?
This structure forms the smooth part of the right atrium.
What is the sinus venosus?
This embryologic structure gives rise to the ureter, renal pelvis, calyces, and collecting ducts.
What is the ureteric bud?