Chapter 10
Where is the bacterial chromosome located?
In the non-membrane-bound nucleoid.
HRR vs. NHEJ?
HRR uses a homologous template; NHEJ joins broken DNA ends.
What is vector DNA?
Carrier DNA that can replicate inside a host cell.
What is biotechnology?
Using organisms or their products for beneficial processes.
What is DNA supercoiling?
Overwinding or underwinding of DNA.
What is depurination?
Removal of a purine base, leaving an apurinic site.
What are sticky ends?
Single-stranded DNA overhangs from staggered cuts.
What is a gene knockin?
Insertion of a gene of interest into a genome.
What does negative supercoiling mean?
DNA is underwound; it aids compaction and strand separation.
What is a gene mutation?
A nucleotide-sequence change affecting a single gene.
What is bacterial transformation?
Uptake of plasmid vectors by bacterial cells.
What is biological control?
Using living organisms to reduce plant diseases or damage.
What is a nucleosome?
DNA wrapped around a core histone octamer.
What is a silent mutation?
A mutation that does not change the encoded amino acid.
What are the three PCR stages?
Denaturation, primer annealing, and extension.
What is bioremediation?
Using living organisms to decrease environmental pollutants.
Simple transposition vs. retrotransposition?
Simple moves DNA; retrotransposition uses an RNA intermediate.
What causes a frameshift mutation?
Insertion or deletion not in a multiple of three.
Why do ddNTPs stop Sanger sequencing?
They lack a 3′-OH needed to add another nucleotide.
What is molecular pharming?
Using transgenic animals to produce useful proteins, often in milk.