Exam One (22-25)
These are the three conditions needed for natural selection to occur.
What are variability, heritability, and differential reproductive success.
These are the features that are common to all animals.
What is eukaryotic, multicellular, and heterotrophic (ingestive)?
This is the derived feature that separated Urochordata and Cephalochordata from Vertebrata.
What is the notochord?
This is what is transported in the xylem, and this is what is transported in the phloem.
What is the xylem transports water and minerals and the phloem transports sugars?
Differentiate between energy and nutrients.
What is energy comes from sunlight and is used to power photosynthesis, and nutrients are elements absorbed from the surrounding environment?
Explain why hospitals are more likely to have antibiotic resistant microbes.
What is the use of antibiotics in hospitals places excess selective pressure on the microbes, selecting for antibiotic resistant strains.
This is the supergroup of Eukaryotes animals fall under.
What is ophistokonts?
These are the ideal conditions for each component of Fick's equation.
What is a surface area as large as possible, a pressure gradient as big as possible, and a membrane as thin as possible?
Describe how the stomata are able to open and close.
What is guard cells accumulate K+, bringing in water, and the swelling of the cells opens the stomata, and for the stomata to close, guard cells pump out K+, losing water?
Which of the following are haploid:
Gametophyte, gamete, sporophyte, spore
What are gametophyte, gamete, and spore?
These are the conditions required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
What are no mutations, large population size, no gene flow, no natural selection, and random mating?
Define mono-, poly-, and para- phyletic groups.
What is:
Monophyletic- An ancestral taxa and all of its descendants.
Paraphyletic- An ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants.
Polyphyletic- A group that includes related species but leaves out their most recent common ancestor.
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Describe the impact of changes in partial pressure on diffusion.
What is an increase in partial pressure difference will steepen the diffusion gradient and increase the rate of diffusion?
Describe the alternation of generations in seedless vascular plants. i.e., describe which phase is dominant and the non-dominant phase.
What is the diploid sporophyte is dominant, and the haploid gametophyte is small and dependent on the sporophyte for nutrition?
Describe the four evolutionary trends in plants.
What is stomata/waxy cuticle, vasculature, seeds, flowers?
List and briefly describe the four main lines of evidence for the theory of evolution. Double points if you can name the subgroups.
What are direct observation (case studies and artificial selection), homology (comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, and comparative biochemistry), fossil record, and biogeography?
These are the three domains and the characters that set each of them apart.
What are:
Bacteria- Peptidoglycan cell wall, only one kind of RNA polymerase, no introns or histones
Archaea- No peptidoglycan cell wall
Eukarya- Nuclear envelope and organelles
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Your blood sugar has become too high. Describe the steps your body takes to bring it back to normal.
What is the pancrease releases insulin, stimulating cells to take up glucose, and signaling the liver to store excess glucose as glycogen?
Describe how sugars move through the plant. Name important structures and include what kind of pressure is used.
What is sugar moves through the phloem from areas of high concentration (sources) to areas of low concentration (sinks)?
Name the features that unify all organisms within the plant kingdom and the closest relative to plants.
What is alternation of generations, walled spores produced in sporangia, and apical meristem?
In a population of 2,000, 1,420 individuals display the dominant phenotype. What are the allele frequencies for A and a
What is A is 0.4615 and a is 0.5385?
Describe the fungal life cycle in order, starting at the zygote.
What is a diploid zygote goes through meiosis to become haploid spores, haploid spores germinate into haploid mycelium.
From there, two pathways:
Asexual- mycelium grow into spore-producing structures that produce haploid spores that germinate into haploid mycelium.
Sexual- haploid mycelium cytoplasm fuse with haploid mycelium from another fungus (plasmogamy), forming the heterokaryotic stage. Karyogamy, the fusion of nuclei, produces diploid zygotes.
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Your blood pH is off. Describe the steps your body takes to bring it back to normal.
A plant cell has a solute potential of -0.75 and a pressure potential of +0.30. It is placed in a solution with a solute potential of -0.90 and no pressure potential. This is the water potential of the cell, the water potential of the solution, and what direction the water will move.
What is the cell is -0.45, the solution is -0.90, and water moves out of the cell into the solution?
Describe how water moves through the plant. Name the important structures and what kind of pressure is used.
The opening of the stomata from the increase in water in the guard cells creates a negative pressure "pull" that brings the water up through the xylem?