Cardiovascular
The part of the circulatory system which is responsible for carrying blood away from the heart
Arteries
What are the three main components of the cardiovascular system?
1 - Blood
2 - Blood vessels
3 - Heart
Gas exchange flows in which direction?
High to low concentration
This is known as the study of body size effects
Scaling or allometry
How many chambers does the heart have and what are they called?
Four chambered heart - Right atrium, Left Atrium, Right ventricle, Left Ventricle
Does the pulmonary artery carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?
Deoxygenated blood
What type of ventilation do humans have?
Tidal ventilation
Based on weight-specific metabolic rate, would metabolism be higher in a gray squirrel (440 g) or a desert cottontail (670 g).
Gray squirrel, because it is smaller (Generally, but there are exceptions for certain animal based on physiological adaptations!)
This term refers to a dangerously low blood pressure, typically below 90/60 mmHg
Hypotension
Through which part of the vascular system does gas exchange occur?
Capillaries
As the chest cavity expands, it creates a ___ (a lower pressure than the atmospheric pressure) within the lungs.
Negative pressure
The rate of heat loss for a rat is relatively __ than the rate of diffusion for a kangaroo
Faster
These cells synchronize the contraction of cardiac muscle cells.
Autorhythmic cells (Pacemaker cells)
How does blood reuptake oxygen to supply the rest of the body with oxygen. (Deoxygenated blood flows through what? to what? and ends up where?)
Reuptakes blood through the pulmonary arteries by flowing to the lungs and back to the heart through pulmonary veins.
Terrestrial insects utilize nondirectional ventilation through what?
Spiracles, small openings on the insects body that allow gas exchange to occur in a diffusive and passive manner.
You have three pets who escaped from you! A rat (50 g), a dog (10,000 g), and an opposum (3000 g). You suspect one of them is still loose in your mansion and they are eating ~200 g of food from your pantry every other night. What pet is likely still in your house?
The rat
What is the main difference between the tricuspid valve and mitral valve
Tricuspid -> controls blood flow between right atrium and ventricle
Mitral -> controls blood flow between left atrium and ventricle
Explain the 5 main electrical events of the heart
1 - SA node depolarizes
2 - Electrical activity travels to AV node via intermodal pathways
3 - Depolarization spreads through atria slowly
4 - Depolarization moves rapidly through ventricular conducting system (Bundle of his & left/right bundle branches.
5 - Depolarization spreads upward from apex
Why is co-current gas exchange less efficient than counter and cross-current gas exchange? (Draw an example on the board for extra 200 points :D)
As the blood and air flow in the same direction, the concentration gradient decreases progressively until they reach relatively similar partial pressures.
Briefly explain the surface area to volume ratio for small and large animals.
Smaller animals generally have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio (and vice versa for larger animals). This means smaller animals lose relatively more heat and can lift more relative to their body size than larger animals.