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What is a positive helping relationship?
Develops between the helper and the participant
- Authentic belief in the strengths/ resources of participants is essential in helping relationships.
What are the helping environment components?
1. Physical environment: spatial arrangements; help control ones actions
2. Psychological environments (routines): safety; know your participants (potential barriers) (Attractive/ inviting and structured)
3. Psychological environments (relationships): critical in development of a helping environment is establishing positive relationships within environment
What is motivational interviewing? and its layers?
MI is a refined form of guiding style
- Non MI- demonstration
- MI- demonstration
can be effective method in assisting clients to change behaviour
1. Spirit
2. Principles
3. Skills
What is GIBBS model on reflection?
1. description (step 1)
2. feelings (step 2)
3. evaluation (step 3)
4. analysis (step 4)
5. conclusion (step 5)
6. action plan (step 6)
what is cognitive behavioural theory and its effectiveness?
based on idea that persons thoughts (cognitions) dictate how they react emotionally/ behaviourally in situations
Effective in:
- Anger
- Pain
- Anxiety
Not effective in:
- Bipolar disorder
- Scizophrenia
Factors that facilitate growth and change?
- Client factors (40%)
- Relationship factors (30%)
- Hope, positive expectations, and placebo (15%)
- Interventions, techniques and methods (15%)
What are HBC theories and their benefits?
- Concepts of how individuals change their behaviour
- Intervention based on evidence
- Good fit with TR as we encourage behaviour changes from unhealthy/ unfulfilling to promotion of health
benefits:
- Explain how participants view costs and benefits of making health changes
- Guide us to best interventions most likely to produce behavioural change
What is ambivalence?
- People usually have mixed feelings/ contradictory about change
- Change that is "good" for them in some way
What is compassion fatigue?
the physical & mental exhaustion and emotional withdrawl experienced by those who care for sick people
- described at cost of care
- symptoms resemble depression and PTSD
What is ABC theory?
activating event can come in form of behaviour fact, attitude of the individual
- activating even triggers a belief
- the belief creates an emotional/ behavioural consequence
What do effective helpers have and skilled in?/ characteristics of effective helper?
Have:
- Stamina
- Positive regard and respect for others
skilled in:
- Cultural competence
- Communication competence
- Creating collaborative, empowering relationships with participants self disclosure/ therapeutic use of self
Characteristics:
- Courageous
- Supportive
1. Pity 2. Sympathy 3. Empathy 4. Compassion 5. Altruistic
What are the stages of change- theoretical model?
Participants motivation and readiness to change a problem behaviour
1. Pre contemplation (start) :
Represents individuals who have no intention to change behaviours in immediate future
The four R's
- Reluctance: unwilling
- Rebellion
- Resignation: Overwhelmed by thought of change
- Rationalization: Excuses
2. Contemplation:
intent to change behaviour within six months
- 6 month term based upon behaviour modification research
3. Preparation:
- Serious consideration of behaviour change 30 days
- Strategies for change created
4. Action:
A distinct change in behaviours occurs
- Change is consistent
- Visible
- Receives the most recognition
5. Maintenance:
The changed behaviour will dictate amount of time needed in the stage
- Should be atleast 6 months after behaviour change
6. Termination: Behaviour has been permanently changed, 100% self-efficacy
7. Relapse: Relapsing/ returning to change often strengthens a persons determination to stay committed to change
- Most widely used stage model in health psychology
What is change talk?
Statements by the participant revealing consideration of motivation for, or commitment to change
6 layers
1. D= desire
2. A= ability
3. R= reason
4. N= need
5. C= commitment
6. A/T= activation/ taking steps
What is burnout?
syndrome conceptualized as resulting from chronic stress that has not been successfully managed
3 dimensions:
1. feelings of energy depletion/ exhaustion
2. increased mental distance from ones job
3. feelings of negativism related to job and reduced professional efficacy
What are the frameworks related to TR?
Constructivism
Self efficacy
attribution
cognitive theory
RET
What are potential hindrances to helping relationships?
1. Internal
2. External
- Transference- any feeling the client feels or express towards the helper
- Counter transference- the helpers personal emotional response to the participant
What are the counselling facilitation techniques?
- Behavioural theory/ therapy/ modification
- Crisis intervention
- Family treatment
- Social learning
- Group treatment
What are MI skills?
OARS
O= open ended question
A= affirmation
R= reflective listening
S= summaries: collective & linking summaries
signs/ symptoms of burnout?
Professionals:
- Depleted ability to cope with work demands
- Sense of powerless to achieve goals
Caregivers:
- Physical problems
- Overwhelming fatigue
What is attribution?
stable vs unstable
global vs
internal vs external
Therapeutic and Non therapeutic effects of self disclosure?
Therapeutic:
- Enhanced trust
- Decreased loneliness
Non therapeutic:
- Decreased understanding
- Role reversal
What are the communication styles?
1. directing
2. following
3. guiding
3 most common styles of communication in health psychology
What is reflecting listening?
the most challenging skill to listen reflectively to your participant
1. simple reflection
2. complex reflection
1. anxiety
2. depression
3. addiction
4. obesity
5. cancer