The ability to predict words or sounds that they will stutter on
What is anticipation?
100
Children are assimilating and consolidating new information with current information; Linguistic systems may be temporarily unavailable until new concepts are mastered, making the child vulnerable to stuttering; children begin to recognize the behaviors of others around them and are able to evaluate their performances in comparison to others
What are cognitive developmental factors of stuttering?
100
Repetitions, prolongations and blocks
What are core behaviors of stuttering?
100
The most important environmental factor
What are parents?
200
5%
What is incidence of stuttering?
200
stutter on the same sounds when a passage is read more than once
What is consistency?
200
Stuttering typically begins during critical language development; Children may become frustrated with their difficulty speaking;They may develop fears related to speaking; Gaps between vocabulary development and growth of syntactic skills
What are the speech and language developmental factors?
200
Escape and avoidance
What are secondary behaviors of stuttering?
200
Reading passages over and over, they’ll stutter less and less
What is adaptation?
300
75-80% of all children who begin stuttering will stop within 12-24 months without speech therapy
What is spontaneous recovery?
300
Heredity and congenital or early childhood trauma contribute to stuttering; sensory-motor control of speech, language and emotional factors influence stuttering
What are the background factors in stuttering?
300
Parent, speech and language, life events
What are environmental factors?
300
The effortless flow of speech
What is fluency?
300
Stop in the middle of a tense stutter
Hold onto the sound until they feel the muscles relax
Then finish the word
What is pull out?
400
Family studies, twin studies and adoption studies
What are research studies looking at stuttering as being heritable? (Heredity)
400
• When Speaking alone; When relaxed; When speaking In unison; When talking to an animal or infant; When speaking with rhythm; When speaking in a different dialect
What are fluency inducing activities?
400
Behavior changes occur as a result of experiences; Symptoms can worsen or improve
What are learning factors?
400
Abnormal dysfluencies including high frequency of repetitions, prolongations and blocks that interrupt the flow of speech
What is stuttering?
400
Stop talking immediately and then silence; Plan an easier more relaxed way of stuttering
What is cancellation?
500
4 genes
What is the number of genes related to stuttering?
500
Consonants; Initial sounds in words; Contextual speech (not isolated); Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs; Longer words; Words at the beginning of sentences; Stressed syllables
What are language factors that increase stuttering?
500
All children speak more disfluently during periods of excitement; Parents report that the appearance of stuttering occurred when the child was in a hurry or was excited; The transition from infant to independent preschooler may occur too rapidly for a parent or a child; The child may be pushed toward independence too soon; A parent may try to restrain a child who is gaining independence too soon; Child may feel angry and frustrated but not able to express the feelings
What are the emotional developmental factors of stuttering?
500
Family history, gender, age of onset, frequency and severity, amount of time since onset, duration of stuttering moments, presence of prolongations/blocks, phonological skills
What are predictors of prognosis/spontaneous recovery in stuttering?
500
Pause before the word you expect to stutter on; Put the speech mechanisms in a relaxed state; Say the word in a slow, relaxed way