Hypothesis
what type of hypothesis states the relationship between two variables and are generally easier to understand, test, and analyze?
Null hypothesis complex hypothesis
Research hypothesis inductive hypothesis
Simple hypothesis
Simple hypothesis are generally easier to understand and states the relationship between two variables
This ensures that the only possible explanation for the results (dependent variable) is the effect of the independent variable
What is internal validity
Older adults demonstrate a lower self-image after retirement than before retirement.
In this simple hypothesis, what is the:
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
The Independent Variable is Retirement.
The Dependent Variable is Self-Image
Independent variables are what we expect will influence the dependent variables.
A dependent variable is what happens as a result of the independent variable.
The effects of taking a test on the outcomes of taking a second test.
What is Testing.
People drop out of study as it is conducted
Maturation
Mortality
Generalizability
Selection
What is Mortality
Clarity and conciseness
Testability
Generalizability
Broad in scope
Clarity and Conciseness: Well-stated hypotheses articulate the expected relationship between variables clearly and concisely.
Testability: To be effective, hypotheses must be testable.
In testing, the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure.
What is Validity
DAILY DOUBLE
Something to be measured and altered.
What is a variable
A threat to __________________ is an explanation of how you might be wrong in making a generalization from the findings of a particular study.
A threat to External Validity is an explanation of how you might be wrong in making a generalization from the findings of a particular study.
A bias wherein the differences between groups before a treatment is given; better to use random assignment
Assignment Bias
Selection Bias
Instrumentation Bias
"Fishing" Bias
Heterogeneity of Units
What is Selection Bias
Select all the purposes of a hypothesis:
Provide a framework for reporting conclusions
Provides directions for the research design
Sets up an adequate research question
Guides Scientific Inquiry
Provide a framework for reporting conclusions
Provides directions for the research design
Guides Scientific Inquiry
(The PICO sets up an adequate research question)
the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations.
What is External Validity
Students who sleep 8 hours before a test score higher on nursing exams than those that sleep less than 8 hours.
Dependent Variable:
Independent Variable:
Students who sleep 8 hours before a test score higher on nursing exams than those that sleep less than 8 hours.
Dependent Variable: test scores
Independent Variable: how long you sleep
The processes within subjects which act as a function of the passage of time. i.e. if the project lasts a few years, most participants may improve their performance regardless of treatment
History Maturation
Testing Selection
Maturation--the processes within subjects which act as a function of the passage of time. i.e. if the project lasts a few years, most participants may improve their performance regardless of treatment
TRIPLE SCORE
Taking the pretest affects scores on the posttest independently of the effect of the intervention
What is Testing
DAILY DOUBLE
These are considered key steps in what process:
Identify measurable variables
determine sample and instruments
outline the design of the research
evaluate the results statistically
What are the key steps in testing hypotheses
____________________ is the ability of research results to transfer to situations with similar parameters, populations and characteristics in qualitative research
Internal Validity
External Validity
Transferability
Valid research
Transferability is the ability of research results to transfer to situations with similar parameters, populations and characteristics in qualitative research
A _________________ is what happens as a result of the independent variable.
A dependent variable is what happens as a result of the independent variable.
____________ was a worker who outperformed a machine under an experimental setting because he was aware that his performance was compared with that of a machine.
John Henry Effect. John Henry was a worker who outperformed a machine under an experimental setting because he was aware that his performance was compared with that of a machine.
DAILY DOUBLE
What is the difference between Reliability and Validity?
Reliability=Consistency: The degree to which the outcome is consistent when the experiment is repeated
Validity=Accuracy: The degree to which the measurement or constructs, used in the experiment, measure what you want them to measure
What will our prediction statement show
what is a hypothesis
DAILY DOUBLE
The extent to which we can generalize from the people who participated in the experiment to people in general
Generalizability
A _____________________ is what happens as a result of the independent variable.
A dependent variable is what happens as a result of the independent variable.
DAILY DOUBLE
This threat is caused by the selection of subjects on the basis of extreme scores or characteristics. Give me the forty worst students and I guarantee that they will show immediate improvement right after my treatment.
Statistical Regression
Selection-Maturation interaction
John Henry Effect
Testing
What is Statistical Regression, or Regression to the Mean
If a study demonstrates a relationship between the use of an exercise program and improvement in patients at a rehab center, can these results be generalized to patients in a nursing home?
Why or Why not?
The results cannot be generalized to the nursing home patients because the nursing home and rehab center are completely different settings.