Arrhythmias
What is the normal range for the heart rate?
60-100bpm
What does the PR interval represent?
the time between atrial depolarization and ventricular depolarization
What is the primary pacemaker of the heart?
Sinoatrial node
What class of drugs is used to slow down heart rate in atrial fibrillation?
Beta blockers or CCB
What arrythmia presents with a sawtooth pattern on ECG?
Atrial flutter
Which electrolyte activity causes peaked T waves
Hyperkalemia
Which artery supplies the posterior third of the interventricular septum
Posterior descending artery
What medication will give someone with stable angina immediate short term relief?
GTN spray 3 times every 5 mins - if it doesn't work call an ambulance
What is the defining ECG feature of atrial fibrillation?
Irregularly irregular rhythm, no distinct P waves
Which type of AV block is associated with a missing QRS complex/a dropped beat?
Second degree AV block (Mobitz type II block)
In this type of block, some atrial impulses are blocked from reaching the ventricles, resulting in a missing QRS complex after a normal or prolonged PR interval.
Which part of the conduction system has the fastest conduction velocity?
The purkinje fibres, they rapidly distribute impulses to ensure synchronized ventricular contraction
What is the first line medication for a 51 year old southeast asian male with hypertension?
ACE inhibitors
What ECG feature distinguishes ventricular tachycardia from supraventricular tachycardia?
VT has a wide QRS complex, SVT has a narrow QRS
What does ST elevation in leads II, III and aVF suggest?
Inferior myocardial infarction - RCA involvement
Coronary sinus, right atrium
Antiarrhythmic drug, administered IV, typically used to suppress ventricular arrhythmias associated with acute myocardial infarction:
Amiodarone
Metropolol
Lidocaine
Phenytoin
Esmolol
Amiodarone
What is the classic ECG triad of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome?
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is a heart condition that can make your heart beat faster than it should. When you’re born with WPW, your heartbeat signal can use an extra pathway instead of the usual one.
The triad = Short PR interval, a slurred upstroke to the QRS complex (delta wave), wide QRS
Which leads would show ST elevation in someone with occlusion to their left circumflex artery?
V5, V6, AvL, I
A 39 year old woman is brought to the emergency department with dyspnoea. An echocardiogram shows severe mitral valve regurgitation. Which structure would normally prevent this regurgitation?
Chordae tendinae
The chordae tendinae in the left ventricle attach to the mitral valve cusps and are pulled tight by the papillary muscles, which help to prevent mitral valve regurgitation
A 53 year old patient is suffering from increasingly frequenty bouts of chest pain. The pain has been provoked by exercise for the past 18 months. It is associated with shortness of breath and sweating but passes as soon as he takes a moment to rest. He has stopped smoking and currently takes aspirin an atenolol. Which is the single most appropriate management?
Amlodipine (CCB)
He has stable angina. This is not short term to take GTN spray. He is on a beta blocker, so a CCB is most appropriate